Regular Institutions of Higher Learning refer to educational establishments set up according to the government
evaluation and ap proval procedures , enrolling graduates from senior secondary schools and p roviding higher education
courses and training for senior p rofessionals. They include full-time universities, colleges, high profes sional s chools, high
professional vocational schools and ot hers.

Universities and colleges are mainly providing undergraduat e cours es; those high profess ional s chools and high p
rofessional vocational s chools are mainly p roviding p rofessional trainings; and others refer to educational establishments,
which are responsible for enrolling students but not covered in the total number of schools, including: branch schools of
universities and colleges, and universities and colleges that have been proved and prepared to construct.

Institutions of Higher Learning for Adults refer to educational establishments, set up in line with relevant rules
approved by the government, enrolling staff and workers wit h senior s econdary s chool or equivalent education, and
providing higher education courses in many forms of correspondence, spare time, or full t ime for adults. Professionals thus
trained receive a qualification equivalent to graduates studying regular cours es at regular universities, colleges and p rofes
sional colleges. Institutions of higher learning for adults include schools of high education for staff and workers, s chools of
high educat ion for peasants, colleges for management cadres, pedagogical colleges , independent correspondence colleges,
Radio and TV universities and other educat ional establishment s. Ot her educational es tablishments are responsible for
enrolling adult s tudents but not covered in the number of schools.

Enrollment Rate of Primary School Age Children refers to the proportion of school age children enrolled at schools to
the total number of s chool age children bot h in and outs ide schools (including retarded children, but excluding blind, deaf
and mute children). The formula is:

Enrollment Rate of Primary School-age Children = (Total Primary School-age Children at Schools)/(Total Primary School age
Children Bot h at and Outside Schools) × 100%

Scientific and Technol ogical Activitie s (S&T Activities ) refer to organized act ivities which are closely related with
the creation, development, disseminat ion and ap plication of the scient ific and technical knowledge in t he fields of natural
sciences, agricultural science, medical science, engineering and technological science, humanities and social s ciences
(referred t o as scientific and technological fields). S&T activities can be classified in to 3 categories: res earch and
development (R&D) act ivities, application of R&D results , and related S&T services. This statist ical definit ion is made by
UNICHIEF for scientific and technological act ivities to meet the need of carry ing out statistical work in this field for its
member countries in particular those developing count ries.

Personnel Engaged in S&T Activities refer to personnel directly engaged in S&T activities, in the management of S&T
activities, and in providing direct service to S&T activities, who sp end over 10% of the total working hours in a year in S&T act
ivit ies. (1) Personnel direct ly engaged in S&T act ivit ies include researchers , engineers, technicians and other related p
ersonnel engaged in S&T activities in independent-accounting R&D instit utions, inst itutions of higher learning, and in
research institutes, laboratories, technology development centers and central experiment workshops under enterprises and
institutions. Also included are people working in S&T research project teams, professional and technical p ersonnel working in
S&T informat ion archiving institutes, and graduat e students working on the design of their thesis. (2) Personnel engaged in
the management of S&T activities and in providing direct service to S&T activities include senior management people
responsible for S&T activities in indep endent -account ing R&D inst it ut ions , S&T informat ion archiving institutes,
institutions of higher learning, and in enterprises and institutions where S&T activities are undertaken. Also included are
people responsible for the p lanning, adminis tration, personnel management, financial management , logis tics sup ply,
equipment maintenance, information and library management that are related with S&T activities. People providing indirect s
ervices are excluded, such as security, medical service, drivers, plumbers, cleaners and those providing catering and related
service. This indicator reflects the size of personnel engaged in S&T activities.

Scientists and Engineers refer to persons engaged in S&T activities who have obtained titles of senior and middle level
professional positions, and thos e without such position but have complet ed university or higher education. This indicator
reflects the quality of p ersonnel engaged in S&T activities.

Research and Development (R&D) refers to systematic and creative activit ies in the field of science and technology
aiming at increasing the knowledge and using the knowledge for new ap plication. R&D includes 3 categories of act ivit ies:
bas ic research, applied research and experiments and development . The scale and intensity of R&D are widely us ed
internationally to reflect the strengt h of S&T and the core compet itivenes s of a country in the world.

Basic Research refers to empirical or theoret ical res earch aiming at obtaining new knowledge on the fundament al
principles of phenomena of observable facts to reveal the nat ure and law of movement of object s and to acquire new
discoveries or new t heories. Basic res earch takes no specific or designated application as the aim of the research. Results of
basic research are mainly released or diss eminated in the form of scientific papers or monograp hs. This indicat or reflects
the original innovat ion capacity of knowledge.

Applied research refers to creat ive research aiming at obtaining new knowledge on a specific objective or target. Purpose
of the applied research is to identify the possible use of results from bas ic research, or to explore new (fundamental)
methods or new approaches. Results of applied research are expressed in the form of s cient ific papers , monograp hs,
fundamental models or invention patents. This indicator reflects the exploration of ways to ap ply the results of basic
research.

Experiments and Development refer to syst emat ic activities aiming at us ing the knowledge from bas ic and applied
researches or from practical experience to develop new products, materials and equipment, to est ablish new production
process, sys tems and services, or to make subst antial improvement on the exist ing products, process or services. Results
of experiment and development activities are embodied in pat ents , exclusive technology, and monot ype of new products or
equipment. In social s ciences, experiment and development activities refer to the process of converting the knowledge from
basic or applied researches int o feasible programmes (including conduct of demonstrat ion projects for assessment and
evaluation). There are no experiment and development activities in the science of humanities. This indicator reflects the
capability of transferring the results of S&T into technique and products , which is the materializ ed measurement of S&T
pushing forward the economic and social development.

R&D Personnel refer to persons engaged in research, management and supp orting act ivities of R&D, including persons in
the project teams, persons engaged in the management of S&T activities of enterprises and sup port ing staff providing direct
service to the res earch projects. This indicator reflects the size of personnel engaged in R&D activities with independent
intellectual property.

Full-time Equivalent of R&D Personnel refers to the sum of the full-time persons and the full-time equivalent of
parttime persons converted by workload. For instance, if there are 2 full-time persons and 3 part-t ime workers (20%, 30%
and 70% of working hours respectively on R&D act ivities), the full-time equivalent is 2+0.2+0.3+0.7=3.2 person-years. This
is an internat ionally comp arable indicator of input of p ersonnel in S&T activities.

Profe ssional and Technical Personnel refer to persons engaged in professional and technical work or in the
management of professional and technical activities, i.e., people with p rofessional or technical posit ions who are engaged in
professional and technical work or in the management of professional and t echnical act ivities, and people without
professional or technical positions but are working on professional or technical p osts. They include professionals and
technicians working in 17 categories of technical occupations including engineering, agriculture, scientific researches, medical
service, teaching, economic research and application, accounting, statistics , translation, libraries, archives, cultural and
museum s ervice, journalism and publication, lawyers, notarization service, radio and television broadcasting, handicraft and
fine arts, sports, performing art, and political workers in ent erp rises. This indicator reflect s the condition of human
resources in S&T.

Funding for S&T Activities refers to funds obtained from various sources for S&T activities, including government funds,
self-rais ed funds by enterpris es, self-raised funds by instit utions, loans from financial institut ions, foreign funds and other
funds . This indicator reflects the efforts made by various social economic entities in promot ing the development of S&T.

Government Funds refer to funds obtained from government agencies at all levels to be used for S&T activities, including
fund for scientific undertakings, 3 kinds of fund for S&T activities , fund for capital const ruction for scient ific researches, s
cience fund, funds from education expenditures by education departments for S&T activit ies, and extra-budget fund from
government agencies for S&T activities.

Se lf-rais ed Funds by Enterprises refers t o self-rais ed funds by enterprises from their own expendit ure or from other
enterprises and funds received by universities or res earch institutions from enterprises for scientific research or technical
development projects. Excluded in this category are funds from government agencies, financial institutions or from foreign
institutions.

Loans from Financial Institutions refer to loans from various financial institutions for S&T activities.

Internal Expenditures on S&T activitie s refer t o t he actual expenditures on S&T activities during the reference year,
including service fees, expenditure on research activities, expenditure on research management, purchase or const ruction of
fixed ass ets not included in the inves tment for capital const ruction, expenditure on capit al construction for scient ific
researches, and other expenditures on S&T activities. Not included are expenditure on production act ivit ies, repayment of
loans and trans fer expenditure. This indicator reflect s the real accomplishment of input in S&T.

Service Fees refer to direct or indirect payment, in cash or in kind, made to personnel engaged in S&T activit ies as
remuneration and other fees. They include, in various forms, salaries, subsidies, bonus, benefits, retirement pension,
stipend, etc. This indicator reflects the imp rovement of t reatment t oward S&T personnel.

Purchase or Construction of Fixed Assets refers to the fixed assets purchased or constructed using funds other t han
the investment in capital construction, and the actual exp enditure on capital construction for scientific researches. In other
words, it is the sum of the actual expenditure on fixed as sets and the accomplished investment in capital construction for
scientific researches. Fixed as sets refer to main materials and equipment, lit eratures and documents in libraries, materials
for experiments, specimen, ins truments, furnit ure, buildings and constructions that can be us ed for a long t ime without
changing t he form and shape of those articles or constructions. This indictor reflects the input in improving t he condition of
S&T and the means of scientific research.

New Products refer to new products produced with new technology and new design, or products that represent noticeable
improvement in terms of structure, material, or production process so as to imp rove significant ly the character or function of
the older versions. They include new p roducts certified by relevant government agencies within the period of certificat ion, as
well as new products des igned and produced by enterprises within a year without certificat ion by government agencies. This
indictor reflects t he direct contribution of S&T output to economic growth.

Patent is an abbreviation for the patent right and refers to the exclusive right of ownership by the inventors or
designers for the creation or inventions, given from the patent offices after due p rocess of assessment and approval in
accordance wit h the Pat ent Law. Patents are grant ed for invent ions , utility models and designs . This indicator reflects the
achievements of S&T and design with indep endent intellectual property.

Inventions refer to the new technical proposals to the products or methods or their modifications. This is universal core
indicator reflecting the technologies with independent intellectual
property.

Utility Models refer t o t he practical and new t echnical proposals on the shape and structure of the product or the
combination of both. This indicator reflects the condition of t echnological results with certain technical content.

Designs refer to the aesthetics and industrially applicable new designs for the shape, pattern and color of the product , or
their combinations. This indicator reflects the appearance design achievements wit h independent intellectual property.