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The next five to ten years is a significant period for China's economic and social development, and also a key phase for the realization of the third strategic object of modernization. In face of the new situation in which the scientific and technological revolution and knowledge economy arise, the economic globalization are boosted and the international competition become severer, it is our only choice to accelerate the adjustment of economic structure, to realize the two fundamental changes and to improve the international competitiveness. The formulation and implementation of industrial technology policies adaptive to the new situation, the definition of the strategic object and emphasis of industrial technology development of this period and the active promotion of the enhancement of technological innovation capacity and industrial technological level are important measures for boosting the optimization and upgrading of the industrial structure of China and for fostering new points of economic growth, and have important significance for the improvement of the overall economic quality of China and the laying of foundation of the sustainable development of the first 50 years of the 21st century. The State Industrial Technology Polices shall be focused on the "tenth-five-year" period and attention should be put on the development of the 5 years following the "tenth-five-year". I. THE NEW SITUATION IN WHICH THE STATE INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY POLICES ARE FORMULATED (1) The pace of economic globalization has obviously sped up and the technological innovation has become a key factor in international competition. Since the 1990s, profound changes have taken place in the international economic situation, the trend of economic globalization has obviously enhanced, the industrial revolution triggered by technological advance is changing the economy and social life of the mankind profoundly, technological innovation contributes to the economic growth more notably, and science and technology have become a key factor in international competition. To meet the demand of market expansion, developed countries, which are still at the advantageous position in the formation of a new international economic order, are transferring their mature technology and excessive productive capacity to the developing countries through various forms while maintaining their superiority in the core technology. Developing countries are facing both unprecedented pressure and opportunities of accelerating industrial technology, making use of the advantages of being underdeveloped, and trying to achieve a great-leap-forward development through participation in international competition. In pursuit of more favorable position in international division of labor, nations are adjusting their industrial and technological structure and increasing input in the area of high-tech to expand the application area, accelerate the transformation of science and technology achievements into actual productivity, improve the level of industrial technology, and thus to enhance the international competitiveness and take the most advantageous position in the economic competition of the 21st century. (2) China's entry into the WTO has placed its industries in furious international competition. Marked by the entry into the WTO, China's open-up policy will see a new historic stage, and the domestic economy will be more converged with the international economy. This has created conditions for China to fully utilize both domestic and international markets and two different resources, to introduce advanced technology and to participate in higher-level international cooperation and division of labor; on the other hand, domestic enterprises have to face the competitive pressure of other countries. We shall improve the technological innovation capacity, accelerate the industrialization of high-tech, make more efforts in the technical reform of tradition industries and focus on the development of industrial technology with competitive advantage. It is an urgent need to enhance the technological innovation capacity to advance China's position in the international division of labor and to participate in the international competition of all circles. (3) Technology progress is an important approach to adjust the economic structure and achieve sustainable development. China is in an important period of strategic adjustment of economic structure, limited by the factors such as excess in some industries or during some periods, population, resource and environment, etc., the task of economic structure adjustment will be very arduous during the "tenth-five-year" and the period following. The structure shall mainly reply on technology progress to develop high-tech and new industries, and to restructure the traditional industries; to eliminate the backward productive capacity, promote the form of economic growth to transfer to an intensive manner, realize the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and improve the overall quality of national economy; to carve out new areas of development and provide more employment opportunities; to save resources, protect the environment and achieve sustainable development. (4) Quickening up the pace toward market economy will have profound impact on the mode of technology progress. The first 10 years of 21st century is an important period for the establishment and gradual perfection of China's socialist market economic system. With the pace toward market economy quickened up, the basic role of market in resource allocation will be enhanced day by day. The subjects of technology innovation and the mode of technology progress will both go through fundamental changes. The change of the technology progress mode and economic operation mode will become an important characteristic of the new age. The formulation and implementation of state industrial technology policies must be adapted to this profound change so as to realize rational allocation of the international and domestic markets and resources and to coordinate the relationship between market orientation and government direction to make them complement and promote each other and create a favorable market environment. "Innovation is the soul of a nation. It is the never-exhausted drive for a nation's prosperity." Only when we find out and follow a way of development in line with the situations and characteristics of China with respect to the enhancing of technology innovation capacity, can we hold an unconquerable position in the future international competition. II. MAJOR PROBLEMS AND GAP EXISTING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHINA'S INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY China, having established a production and technology system with relatively complete categories and considerably large scale, has been able to produce a batch of major technology equipment domestically, and seen an obvious reduction of technological gap between China and foreign countries. All these achievements are a result of constant construction and technology development, technical reform and large scale technology introduction during the 50 years after the foundation of China, especially the over 20 years of reform and opening. But from an overall point of view, China need to make more efforts to catch up with the international advanced level. (1) Technological level of the traditional industries is relatively low. 1. The whole level of agricultural technology of China can hardly meet the tremendous demand of the country's development, the technology contribution rate to the growth of agriculture is about 42%, far less than the 60-70% of developed countries. There is still a gap of 10 to 15 years in the major agricultural technology area compared with the world advanced level. The proportion of labor engaged in agriculture is high while the agriculture labor productivity is low. The food and meat produced by one labor in a year is respectively 1.5-7.5% and 2-2.5% of those of the advanced countries. The technological system of farming and planting mainly relies on the conventional farming technology and experience. The coverage of improved varieties of crop is about 80%, and that of the advanced countries is 100%. The agriculture resource utilization rate is low, the utilization rate of irrigation and fertilizer of this year is 30-40%, and that of the advanced countries is above 60%; the agriculture mechanization degree is low and facility agriculture need to be developed urgently. The technological development capacity is very weak, technology reserve is apparently inadequate, and the spreading mechanism is not adaptive to the development of market economy. 2. There is a relatively large gap between the technological level of the traditional industries, such as steel, colored metal, electric power, machinery, petroleum and chemistry, coal and construction materials, and the international advanced level, the development and application capacity of key technology of most large- and medium-sized enterprises is relatively deficient, their international advanced technology equipment only accounts for one tenth, less than 5% of the mechanical products reach the current international level. The product structure is irrational: high quality products reaching the international standards only accounts for one tenth; many high technological products and some products with high added-value still need to be imported; the adverse balance of import and export of high-tech products is 15 billion US dollars in 2000; there is a need of import of 7-8 million tons of steel of high technological varieties; self sufficiency rate of top grade synthetic resin is below 50%; the GDP (gross domestic product) generated per kilogram of oil in China is only 0.7 US dollars, while that of the United States is 3.4 US dollars, Germany is 7 US dollars and Japan is 10.5 US dollars; the energy consumption of the major industrial products is far higher than that of the developed countries; the comparative energy consumption of key metallurgy enterprises is higher than that of the developed countries by 20-40%; the labor productivity of traditional industries of China is only one third of the world average level and one tenth of that of the developed countries. (2) High-tech industry is at the start stage with small industry scale and weak technological foundation. The added value of China's high-tech industry only counts for 4% of the GDP, far below the level of the developed countries and newly industrialized countries. Product design, key spare parts, and techniques and equipment mainly rely on import. The commodity transformation rate and industrialization rate of high-tech achievements which are developed by ourselves and whose intellectual property right belong to ourselves are both low, about 20% and 5-7% respectively. The diffusibility of high-tech is weak, the connection with other industries is loose, and the role of the reform of traditional industries is not notable. (3) Technological innovation capacity and the absorbing capacity of introduced technology are insufficient. The construction of technological innovation system composed mainly of enterprises of China is yet at the starting phase. The pace of industrializing innovation achievements is slow. The fund input to technological development and innovation is low, all these heavily limit the improving of the technological innovation capacity. In 1999, the fund expended on the research and development of large- and medium-sized enterprises of China accounts for 0.6% of the sales proceeds, while the proportion of the world top 500 enterprises is generally above 5-10%, and even to 20% in the industries of telecommunication and pharmaceutical. There hasn't formed a technology system with independent intellectual property right in China, the core technology and equipment of most industries still depend on foreign countries. The absorbing capacity is weak and we lack the systematical integration and comprehensive innovation of introduced technology. We do not have independent intellectual property right in most chemical and medical products, and 57% of the major product technology of mechanical industry comes from foreign countries. Most large- and medium-sized enterprises of China lack the technology development and technology innovation capacity and the capacity to participate in international competition. III. STRATEGIES FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY (1) Guidelines We should aim at structural optimization and industrial upgrading, take system and mechanism innovation as the guarantee, rely on the enterprises, take the promoting of industrialization by electronic means as the main approach, focus on enhancing the technological innovation capacity, seize the opportunity of China's entry into the WTO and combine government direction and market orientation. We should fully utilize both the international and domestic markets and resources, develop a group of high-tech industries on a selective basis according to the principle of "leaving some things undone in order to do other things", strive to improve the independent innovation capacity and own independent intellectual property right in the key areas that have a bearing to the national economic lifelines and safety. We should accelerate the reforming of traditional industries by using high-tech, realize the great-leap-forward development of technological level and innovation capacity, and provide guarantee for the fostering of new points of economic growth and the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. (2) Strategic objects. We should try to make major technology breakthrough in key industries, key enterprises, key products and key techniques, and major technology equipment, and try to be close to or reach the contemporary international advanced level by 2005. We should raise the technology progress contribution rate to the industrial economic growth by 8-10 percentage points from the present level, and give priority to the development of the high-tech with comparative advantage and connected closely to the reforming of traditional industries, raise the annual average growth rate of production value of the high-tech industry to above 30% from the present 28%, considerably improve the technological level of traditional industries, basically eliminate the backward production techniques with high energy consumption and high pollution. We should vigorously promote the construction of the technological innovation system composed mainly of enterprises, distinctly increase the inputs to research and development of the whole country, and raise the proportion of fund expended on the research and development of the whole society in the GDP to above 1.5%. We should make the enterprises' technological innovation capacity boost up notably, foster a group of large enterprises and enterprise groups with independent innovation capacity and international competitive power, and promote large number of medium-and small-sized enterprises to develop in the direction of "professional, proficient, specialized, and new". We should try to keep pace with international advanced level in some high-tech industries, basically reach international advanced level in the key technology in important production areas, perfect the technological innovation system composed mainly of enterprises, and ensure that the major industries and areas have the capacity of independent development and innovation by 2010. (3) Fundamental Principles 1. Aiming at promoting the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. We should develop high-tech and use high-tech to reform traditional industries and eliminate the backward production technology and capacity to promote the optimization and upgrading of industrial structure. The basic approaches to keep the continuous and healthy development of national economy, enhance and join the wave of economic globalization including fully developing the technological innovation capacity, continually raising of the proportion of high-tech in national economy, accelerating the renewal and reform of traditional industries and improving whole quality of national economy during the "tenth-five-year" period. 2. Combining the market mechanism with the government function of organization and coordination. We should bring into full play the basic role of market in the optimum allocation of resources is an important content of the construction of socialist market economic system and also a basic principle to carry out the state industrial technology policies. We should bring the role of market mechanism into full play, promote the enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation, make the public fund to become the main investment for technology progress, and drive industrialization by computer technology. We should, on the basis of fully understanding the market economic rules, further exert the government's function of organization and coordination, support the development of high-tech and traditional industries by the use of policies on finance, taxation and banking, etc. We should study out the development orientation of the state on industrial technology, hold the advantage to speed up the rapid development of industrial technological level. 3. Combining independent innovation and technology introduction. We should, during the "tenth-five-year" plan and a comparatively long period of time thereafter, enhance inputs into the area of strategic high-tech industry, follow the development trend of international high-tech industry in a timely fashion, keep the continuous innovation capacity of the important areas to ensure the development needs of politics, economy and military of the state. The combination of military and civil use is an important approach to promote the high-tech and improve the innovation capacity. At the same time, we shall adopt various kinds of technology introduction. In the course of technology introduction, we shall strengthen the technology integration and innovation, adopt the advantages of other countries, form a system of independent intellectual property right with Chinese characteristics and keep improving the level and competitiveness of industrial technology. IV. ORIENTATION OF DEVELOPMENT IN KEY INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY We should, during the "tenth-five-year" and the 5 years thereafter, put emphasis on the promotion of high-tech and industrialization, and use advanced application technology to reform and upgrade the traditional industries. We should emphasize the development of the strategic technologies that lead the economic development and follow the international trend, and that have a bearing on the state strength and the economic and social security of the country. We should lay emphasis on the development of the key technologies that are highly relevant and restrict the improving of the overall industrial technological level of China as well as the common technology with strong commonness and wide applicable areas, and that are fundamental in the economic development. (1) High-tech and industrialization We should catch the opportunity when the world technology revolution develops so impetuously to focus on the development of high-tech and industrialization, realize breakthroughs and a rapid development in some certain areas and gradually form the collective superiority of China's high-tech industry. We should put emphasis on the information technology, bioengineering technology, advanced manufacturing technology, new material technology, aviation and space technology, new energy technology and ocean technology, etc. Information communication: we should give priority to the development of high-speed broad band information network, micron integrate circuit, new component elements and parts, computer and software technology, third-generation mobile technology, information-oriented family electric appliance technology. We should make vigorous efforts to develop the system integration and information service, information management, information security technology, actively exploit new-generation information products based on network technology, develop new industries and foster new points of economic growth. We should vigorously promote the application of computers in the manufacturing industry, actively carry out the computer-aided design (CAD), computer-aided engineering (CAE), computer-aided (CAPP), computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), product data management (PDM), manufacturing resource plan (MRPII) and enterprise resource planning (ERP), etc. The enterprises with necessary conditions may carry out the "net manufacturing" to facilitate cooperated design and cooperated manufacturing and to participate in domestic and international competition. We should carry out the "digital control" projects and "digitalization" projects, digitalize the enterprises' present equipments and the equipments and components produced by mechanical processing enterprises to improve the exchange and match capacity of large-scale mechanical products. Bioengineering: In line with the tendency of international bioengineering technology development and China's actual situations, we should vigorously study and develop the gene engineering technology, cell engineering technology, enzyme engineering technology, biochemical engineering technology and biopharmaceutical technology, and pay close attention to the hot areas of human gene group plan, gene treatment and genetically modified animal and plant, etc. Bioengineering shall be widely applied in the areas of agriculture, medicine, energy and environment protection. New material: In accordance of the development tendency of international high-tech new material, we should concentrate on making breakthroughs in the development of the micron-grade powder material technology and nano new material technology, and try to keep pace with foreign countries in the aspect of material preparation and apparatus manufacturing technology. We should further the application of nano new material in the areas of agriculture, micro-electronics, energy, environment protection, medical treatment, chemical engineering, construction material, traffic and transportation. We should make vigorous efforts to develop the technology of new-type metal structure material, new-type non-metal materials, new-type macromolecule material and new-type compound material, and emphasize the development of multi-function, sensible, intellectual and bionic compound materials, etc. to form a production collectivity. Aviation and space: We should put the emphasis of space technology on the development of new-generation large aviation transportation system technology, new-generation satellite technology, air-land comprehensive information application system, far space exploration technology, space science and application, put the emphasis of aviation technology on the development of new-generation airplane technology and basic power technology, and on lateral airplane, vigorously develop the medium and small sized general airplane and multi-use helicopter, and accelerate the independent design and technology development of engine. New energy: We should actively exploit and utilize regenerative energies, develop the technology of solar energy utilization, geothermal electricity generation, high-power wind electricity generation, tide electricity generation and biomass electricity generation. We should develop the nuclear energy technology, and give major efforts to make breakthroughs with respect to advanced pressurized water reactor, space nuclear power source, and high-performance fuel modules, etc. Ocean engineering: We should emphasize the development of the ocean oil and gas field exploitation technology to make it the leading industry of ocean industry, and actively develop the technology of seabed mineral and energy exploration and exploitation, ocean regenerative energy utilization, \seawater resource exploitation and utilization, ocean biological engineering, and improve the position of ocean economy in national economy. (2) Improving the technological level of traditional industries and reforming the traditional industries by using high-tech. 1. Agriculture Ensuring food security, optimizing the agricultural structure, comprehensively improving agricultural quality and efficiency, improving the rural ecological environment, promoting farmers' income increase and improving international competitiveness is the main direction of the future development of agricultural science and technology. Planting: We should give priority to the development of: the engineering technology of selection and fostering of special and high-quality variety of crops and seed industrialization; low-cost, high-yield, super-high-yield and high-efficiency associated planting and cultivation of crops and regional demonstration; key technology for the structural adjustment of planting industry and the construction of crop bases; water-saving irrigation and dry farming; forecast and comprehensive prevention and cure of major disease, pest and weed of turf grass; equipment planting of crops, specially vegetables and flowers, etc. Animal husbandry and feed industry: We should give priority to the development of: industrialized, scaled and high-efficiency husbandry of high-quality livestock, and the selection and fostering of pasture variety and the planting of man-made grass; new-type feedstuff and additives and the study and development of the processing equipment; diagnosing, monitoring and controlling of major animal diseases and utilization of the recycled animal offals; and development of high-quality processing of animal products, etc. Aquaculture: We should given priority to the improving of aquatic varieties and breeding of the fine varieties, develop high-tech aquaculture of biological engineering, information engineering and equipment breeding, etc., intensive high-yield and high-quality shallow sea breeding, beach utilization and comprehensive exploitation of inland waters, develop ocean fishing, pay attention to the prevention, cure, and prediction of major aquatic disease and insect pest and intensive processing and comprehensive utilization of aquatic products, etc. Agriculture machines and farm products processing equipments: Priority should be given to the development of key machines and affiliated technology system for the mechanization of the major crops such as wheat, corn, rice and cotton, etc.; technology and complete set of machines and equipment of mechanized dry farming; technology and complete set of equipment of water-saving irrigation; technology and equipments of mechanized straw returning and silage; technology and affiliated machines of factory seed growing and mechanized transplant; high-efficiency and low-pollution machines and equipment of plant protection; technology of facility planting; technology and complete set of equipment of good drying; technology for seed processing, farm products processing and check and affiliated technical equipment; and the developing and manufacturing of computerized affiliated machines adaptive to precise agricultural technology, etc. Agriculture resources and environment: Priority should be given to the technology of saving and effectively utilizing of agriculture resources such as water save, land save, effective fertilization and pesticide spraying, etc; effective recycling of agriculture waste; biological agricultural technology; comprehensive utilization of rural renewable energies; key technology for development of no-pollution farm products; and multi-function compound ecological engineering and affiliated technology. 2. Energy and environment protection Energy and environment protection are two which attract worldwide attention. We should take the development of new-type and high-efficiency clean energy technology and oil substitute technology as the major orientation of development, reform the traditional technology of energy utilization, improve energy efficiency and reduce the emission of pollutants. We should use high-tech to develop the environment protection industries, change waste resources into regenerative resources, and protect the resources and ecology. Coal: We should vigorously develop the technology of comprehensive mechanized exploitation and the technology for large open coal mining and the technology for coal mine safety, actively promote the technology of clean coal, and realize the cleanness of the exploitation, production and utilization of coal. The goal for the future 10 years is to vigorously improve the level of coal production mechanization and comprehensive mechanization, vigorously reduce the proportion of direct burning of raw coal, raise the proportion of the coal used for electricity generating in coal consumption, and put emphasis on the development of low-pollution and high-efficiency clean burning technology. It is also our goal to actively promote the high-tech utilization of coal, and to develop the technology of coal gasification and liquefaction, exploitation and utilization of coalbed gas, and substituting fuel oil by coal water mixture. ĦĦĦĦ Electric power: Emphasis should be placed on the technology of electricity generation by clean coal burning and power station boiler emission control, key technology for thermal power generating super-critical sets of 600MW and above, large-volume and long-distance transmission of alternating electricity and direct current, and controlling of safety and stable operation of large power grid network. Emphasis should be put on the large francis turbine generator sets of 500MW or above, and accelerate the development of water pumping and energy storage sets of 300MW grade, pressurized water reactor nuclear power generating sets 600£1000MW grade and gas turbine. Oil and natural gas: With respect to the technologies of oil and gas exploitation, emphasis is to be put on making breakthroughs in technologies such as raising oil exploitation ratio by multiple chemical compound booster, gas booster and microorganism booster designed for oil field with high water absorption. We should perfect and improve new technology of dense-oil and low-infiltration oil field exploitation, and strengthen the research of optimized design of large and medium sized gas field exploitation plan. With respect to engineering technology, we should pay attention to making breakthroughs in earthquake technology for special geological and ground conditions, and exploring four-dimension and full three-dimension earthquake technology, studying and developing complex structure well, multi-branch level well and long distance moving and drilling of well suitable for complex geological conditions, developing major equipment such as imaging well logging and magnetic resonance imaging well logging, and further improving the localization of well logging technologies. Environment protection: We should vigorously develop the technology for clean production, energy saving and comprehensive utilization of resources, water saving, environment protection, and environment monitoring. Emphasis should be put on the technology for desulfuration of smoke discharged by coal-burning sets of 200MW and above, prevention and treatment of motor tail gas pollution, disposal and recycling, and treatment of urban sewage and garbage, recovery of waste household electric appliances (computers) and dismantling of discarded cars, etc. 3. Traffic and transportation Railway: We should emphasize the development of the fast passenger transportation system composed mainly of high-speed railways and fast railways, rapid goods transportation system mainly aimed at shorting the time of goods delivery and supervising the information during the course, modern transportation information system focused on railway comprehensive operation and management, and railway traveling safety guarantee system mainly through monitoring. We should gradually develop the modern logistics industry on the basis of those systems. In cities with a population of 1 million and above, priority should be given to the development of public traffic system mainly relying on track traffic. Highways: We should set out from the material specification, design rationalization, technique modernization and scientific management, and by combining the use of new material, new structure and new technique, solve the early damages of the surface of high-grade roads and improve the driving quality and guarantee the use life. We should study and develop the technology for maintenance of high-grade road surface, put emphasis on the development of the application technology of super-thin bitumen surface, improved bitumen and synthesized blocks, on the technology for design, construction and maintenance of high-grade roads in mountain areas, on the construction and maintenance of long-span bridges, and on road network operation and management represented by intellectual road transportation system. Water transportation: We should develop the technology of coast port construction adaptive to the development of large ships, put emphasis on the development deep-water seaport hub, key technology for container transportation system, complete sets of technical equipment of large and effective port loading, port and shipping control, inland river trunk route construction, and waster traffic safety and control. Civil aviation: Efforts will be made to localize the major technology and equipment, use high-tech and new materials to improve the level of automation, digitalization and electronic application of aviation transportation service. Emphasis will be placed on the development of the technology and equipment for automatic flying system of main line fights, flying adaptability and airport adaptability of branch line flights. 4. Raw materials Steel: Emphasis will be laid on the frontier technology for melt reversion, almost finalized casting, and development of new-generation steel materials which affect the long-term development of steel industry. Efforts should be made to optimize the steel manufacturing process, develop new technology of energy-saving and cost-lowering agglomeration and coking, blast furnace comprehensive energy save and environment protection, and electric furnace effective steel-making, etc.; to improve the quality of metallurgy products, develop pure steel production technique, rolling control and cooling control, and intelligentization, etc.; to develop the technology of reducing the agglomeration machines' exhaust emission and circulating the exhaust emission, new-type coking, dry coke quenching, blast furnace energy-saving and carbon dioxide reduction, recycling of blast furnace slag and steel-making furnace slag, and recovery of powder, etc. Nonferrous metal: For the nonferrous metal industry, we shall develop high-efficiency, low-consumption and low-pollution production technique, improve product quality, increase product variety, reduce environment pollution, and strengthen comprehensive utilization of resources. We shall put emphasis on the new technology of geophysical exploration, geochemical exploration, remote sensing and geographic information system; comprehensive technology of intensified exploitation of deep and hard deposit, and effective and non-track mining equipments; the clean mineral separation and effective environment protection pharmaceuticals and energy-saving equipments; new technology of wet smelting of resources hard to separate and melt and comprehensive utilization of such resources; complete sets technology and equipment for of production of alumina by selection and large-volume pre-smelt anode aluminum electrobath; new technology of low-cost rare earth extract smelting and separation and the technologies of singular rare earth element separation and high purification. We should study and develop new technology and equipment for high-performance ferrous metal material production, and advanced foiling process of copper and aluminum boards. Oil chemistry: We shall develop complete sets of technology with independent intellectual property right, and increase the application of control technology and information technology in the oil chemistry industry. Emphasis will be put on the development of advanced and applicable technologies of ethene production, the green technology of producing chemical products by non-pollution raw materials, and optimizing production procedure and process; the new-generation polyolefin and catalyzer; optimizing of production procedure and technical course; intensive processing of crude oil, including complete sets of technology of sulfur-containing crude oil processing and the natural gas chemical technology. We should also vigorously develop the technology for oil & gas effective utilization, energy-saving and environment protection, and the new-generation oil substitute. Chemical industry: We shall put emphasis on the development of new technology of catalyzing, separation, polymer modification, fine chemicals, biochemical, advanced gasification, new-generation compound fertilizer production; production of new-generation synthesized materials and chemical new materials; the technique and equipment for new-generation non-inner-tube, low-section and high-grade meridian tires; new-area fine chemicals; super-minute powder materials; and high-value-added chemicals. Construction materials: We shall vigorously develop the ecological construction technology and products that may reduce environment burden and are conducive to health, make intensive processing of inorganic non-mental new materials and non-metal minerals to be the key point of high-tech industrialization. We shall develop the technology and equipment for new-type dry cement production, high-quality floating grass production, high-grade sanitation pottery and porcelain production, production of new-generation wall materials by using coal refuses and powdered coal ash as the main raw materials. We shall develop the technology for production and application of chemical construction materials, high-performance heat-preserving and heat-insulating materials, furnace energy-saving and afterheat utilization of the construction material industry, the technology for production and application of grass fiber and the reinforced products thereof, nano super-minute crushing and super-minute powder surface treatment, production of the construction material products such as "ecological cement" that disposes of the industrial waste and life garbage, high-performance building coating of interior and exterior wall and environment protecting decorating and building materials. 5. Processing and manufacturing industry Machinery manufacturing: During the "tenth-five-year" period, we will try to develop and widely apply the technology of digitalization and intelligentization, clean production, virtual manufacturing, net manufacturing, combined manufacturing, modularization, and fast resource restructuring which shall be the major objects. By carrying out several major technology application projects which act as a relative big impetus, we would be able to overcome a group of key technology that affect the industry's development, develop and manufacture a group of special technology needed by major technical equipment and spread a batch of advanced and applicable manufacturing technology. We should put emphasis on the digital control system, field-bus control system, digital control processing technology and equipment, laser processing technology and equipment, ultra-precision processing and ultra-high-speed processing technology and equipments, and key affiliated basic parts, with focus on key products and represented by digitalization and intelligentization technology; the precision agriculture production technology system and the affiliated equipment and technique which aim at high-efficiency agriculture production, food storage, preservation and processing technology and equipment; and accelerate the development of low-energy-consumption, low-emission and high-performance internal combustion engine. Major technical equipment: Major technological equipment is an important aspect to show the comprehensive national strength and the controlling power of national economy, and is also an important mark of the industrial technological level of the state. Major technical equipment industry shall continue to center on the development of national economy, rely on the key construction projects and key technology reform projects of the state, concentrate the force and put the focus on the study and development of the Three Gorges Project, large scale ethene projects, large scale fertilizer projects, Natural Gas Supply project, power grid network key equipment and Electricity Transmitting Project, projects of constructing sheet metal model including casting and rolling and projects of large cold rolling, oil and natural gas exploration and exploitation and the third time of oil drilling, Qinglin-Shengyang-Huaihe high-speed passenger transportation special line, large scale coal chemical projects, large scale environment protection projects, large scale project construction, large scale special use projects, and large scale ocean shipping and river dredging and deepening, super critical thermal power generator sets of 600MW, large scale water pumping and energy saving and high water end sets, francis turbine generator sets of 500MW and above, gas turbine, advanced electricity generators and other complete sets of equipment. We should accelerate the grasp of core technologies, enhance the development and complete-set-making capacity of major technical equipments and participate in the international competition. Automobile: Automobile industry is a new point of economic growth of China. We should study and develop intellectual, clean, safe and energy saving automobiles, put emphasis on the development of the technology for high-efficiency engine, car body development, automobile discharge control, car key parts and multi-axes heavy loading automobiles. Instrument and equipment industry: It is the trend of development with regard to automatic instruments to further combine the technology of testing, controlling, computer and communication, and the formation of a structure of measuring, controlling, communication and computer (M3C). We shall further develop the separated control system, field-bus control system, development-oriented control system based on industrial computer, intellectual and network spot instruments and industrial online analysis instruments, etc., expand their application scope and match them with large scale automatic industrial equipments, and improve the automation level of China's industry. Concerning scientific equipment, we shall focus on material scientific equipment, medical equipment and agriculture and environment equipment, promote the development of automatic testing system and give priority to the development of the projects of our country which have already had comparative advantages, such as chromatogram equipment, spectrum equipment, physical observation equipment, land measuring equipment, mechanics experiment equipment and imaging equipment, etc. In the aspects of sensor, instrument material and special components, we shall put emphasis on various kinds sensors used in field-bus control and intellectual instruments, micro sensors needed in the aviation and space area and the relevant new materials. We shall make efforts to solve some common problems in the instrument and equipment industry, provide to the industry the computer-aided design (CAD), electronic design automation (EDA), and computer-aided manufacturing services to the industry, surface mount technology (SMT), reliability test and electro magnetic comparability (EMC) testing, and improve the design and manufacturing level of China's instrument and equipment industry to enhance the competitiveness after China's entry into the WTO. Light industry: It is the direction of development of light industry technology to adopt high-techs such as electrical information, biological engineering, new energy, new material, environment protection and advanced manufacturing, etc. and to optimize and improve light industry production technology and product structure. Emphasis shall be put on the key technology such as the membrane separation, supercritical exaction, clasmatosis, micro capsule embedding, microwave, asepsis processing and packaging of the modern food industry; the new production technology of high-tech and high-value-added new type chemicals for daily use, household electrical appliance, lighting electrical equipment, battery, ceramics, plastic, machines for daily use; and the clean production technology and pollution treatment technology for the industries of paper making, leather, ferment and food. Textile: The focus in textile technology shall be to accelerate the production technology of new type fibre materials, develop the production technology and industrialization of different, functional and environment protecting new fibre, new type spinning and weaving technology of medium-and-high-grade cloth garment fabrics; and sustainable environment-protecting printing and dyeing processing. We should actively adopt the computer automatic control, aided design and information technology, make great efforts to develop textiles, equipment and technology for industrial use. Medication: We shall put emphasis on the development of biomedical technology, gene engineering drug, bacterin technology, and the technology for industrialization thereof, and key technology of traditional Chinese medicine, and advance the developing technology of raw chemical made medicine, new-type high-efficiency preparation technology, new-type high and medium grade medical and pharmacy equipments and technology. Tobacco: We shall put emphasis on the study and development of the production technology of high-quality tobacco leaf to raise the general quality and industrial usability of tobacco leaf, shall accelerate the development of new cigarette products and the alteration of old products, study and apply new cigarette processing technology to fully enhance the quality and competitiveness of cigarette products; make more efforts to study the harmful elements in tobacco leaf and cigarette smoke to further improve the safety of domestically made cigarettes; carry out research on the high-techs such biotechnology and information technology, actively apply high-techs in the reform of traditional industries; continue to deepen the research; and probe into new approaches of comprehensive utilization of tobacco resources. 6. The construction industry We shall make great efforts to improve the level of industrialization and modernization, strive to make more technological breakthroughs, put efforts on urban planning, exploration survey, and design, and the technology of developing and utilizing urban underground space; earthquake resistance and disaster reduction such as earthquake isolation and reduction, and vibration control, etc.; house structure system, building energy efficiency and building intelligence; high-efficiency building construction machines and equipments; advanced construction methods and technology, and new concrete and steel structure technology; key technology and equipping technology for urban water supply and gas supply. We should develop new-type urban vehicles that meet the environment protection requirements and large urban transportation quantity needs, and high-performance management of the system operation of the vehicles; and develop chemical construction material products with good seal performance and that are anti-corrosive and water-repellent. 7. The national defense science and technology industry The policies shall be separately promulgated by the Commission of Science and Technology for National Defense. 8. Other industries Domestic trade circulation industry: We should put emphasis on the technology of computerized circulation industry, electric commerce and trade, mechanized, automatic and intelligent circulation operations, electric new trading system of commercial retails and wholesales; relevant standard criterions and technical support system for the marketing modes such as chain, agency and distribution; storage automatic testing, measuring and protection; and circulation processing. Measuring, anti-counterfeiting and security industries: The technologies to be developed for the measuring industry are digital and intelligent measuring instruments. We should put emphasis on the development of weighing instrument manufacturing technology that combines the computer and micro-electronic technology; manufacturing of new-type fuel dispensers; manufacturing of new-type "three meters" (power meter, water meter and gas meter); and advanced manufacturing system of small-quantity and non-standard measuring instruments. The trend of development in the anti-counterfeiting industry is the application of electric information encipherment technology, laser holography and automatic identification. We should put emphasis on the development of the technology of integrated anti-counterfeiting, automatic identification anti-counterfeiting, computer network anti-counterfeiting and special printing and paper anti-counterfeiting, enhance the technological contents and technology categories of traditional anti-counterfeiting means, strengthen the development and application of new anti-counterfeiting materials, and strengthen the formulation of technical standards and the establishment of testing means. The trend of development of the security testing technologies with regard to the special equipments such as the boiler, pressure vessel and pressure pipeline is the development of new testing technology and advanced security control technology, and products such as electric monitoring, etc., the realization of digitalized, intelligent and minimized testing and monitoring equipments, and the promotion of localized testing and monitoring instruments. We should put emphasis on the study and spreading of new materials, strengthen the supervision over the links of design, manufacturing and installation, and enhance the own security performance and security guard capacity of the special equipments. V. POLICY MEASURES (1) Bringing into full play and use the basic role of market in the allocation of technology resources. 1. Further perfecting the market mechanism and actively use both domestic and international technology resources. We should establish a favorable market mechanism and form the external environment that is conducive to the technological innovation. We should make full use of the rules set by the WTO on the protection of certain industries, and establish the market environment that is necessary for the protection of domestic enterprises to make technological innovations and develop the industries. We should perfect the intellectual property right protection system, intensify the law enforcement and protect the lawful rights and interests of the patent owners. We should be guided by the market, enhance technological innovation, develop high-tech and realize industrialization. We should do a good job in technology introduction, support and encourage domestic enterprises to set up equity joint and cooperative joint technology research and development institutions abroad, encourage foreign-funded enterprises to set up research and development centers within China and promote the spreading of technology. 2. Guiding the social investment and attracting new inputs to the technological innovation through various channels. We should transform the capital support forms for technology reform and technological innovation of traditional industries, change the system of administrative examination and approval of projects, establish the evaluation system of market access conditions, and let the enterprises independently decide on their financing conditions and forms. We should expand financing channels, absorb the social capital, establish and develop the social industrial investment fund aiming at reforming the traditional industries by high-tech. We should build a venture capital mechanism, develop public venture capital institutions, attach importance to the fostering of talents for management and operation of venture capital, gradually establish the venture capital system and venture capital funds composed mainly of social investment, and for the multi-input structure of venture capital. Encouragement policies shall be applicable to venture capital made by domestic and overseas venture capital institutions to the high-tech industry. Support should be given to high-tech enterprises to finance through the securities market, and promote the development of medium-and small-sized enterprises. (2) Building a national technological innovation system composed mainly of enterprises. 1. The building of enterprise technological innovation system should be strengthened. We should establish and perfect enterprise technology development centers, enhance the innovation capacity of the scientific research institutions that are transformed into enterprises, formulate innovation strategies, increase inputs to research and development, establish the effective incentive mechanism for talented people, enhance the technological innovation capacity, accelerate the industrialization of technological innovation and establish the national technological innovation system composed mainly on enterprises. During the tenth-five-year period, the technology developing capacity and level of the key enterprises of the state shall generally meet the basic requirements of economic development and participation in the international competition, and we should bring into play the role of enterprises as the main body of the technological innovation system. 2. Establishing the open technological innovation service systems replying on cities. We should deepen the reform of science and technology system, guide, encourage and support the scientific research institutions of a public nature that have the necessary conditions to transform themselves into enterprises, substantially raise the proportion of the technological force that directly serve the economic construction, and earnestly improve the capacity of socialized services. As for the difficulties encountered during the course of transformation and alteration, the State shall give necessary support in the aspect of financial policies, optimize the allocation of social technology resources, make full use of the integration advantage, normalize the technology intermediary agencies and give full play to them, on the basis of perfecting the present technology spreading agencies and continuing the development of productivity promotion centers, establish technological innovation service centers in the regional central cities and the technological innovation pilot cities, and gradually form a national, net-connected and open technology service system to provide all-around service to the technological innovation of enterprises, especially the medium-and small-sized enterprises. 3. Establishing the industrial technology development bases relying on large enterprise associations and major transformed scientific research institutions. We should promote the operational mechanism transform of large enterprises, establish the normative corporate governance structure, and on the basis of transform, under the guidance of the market and with the aim to improve the development and spreading of the common, key and frontier technology capacity of the industries, establish the industrial technology bases that rely on the large enterprise associations and the major transformed scientific research agencies and that have the domestically leading and internationally advanced level. We should establish and perfect the scientific infrastructures such as large national labs and national engineering centers that have advanced equipment and facilities and that are open to the enterprises and research institutions. We should also strengthen the industrialization of major achievements at the same time, grasp the opportunity of entering the WTO, seek chances of cooperation and development on a world basis, make the introduction of multinational corporations' investment an important approach to speed up the technological innovation, and improve the level of participation in the international division of labor. ĦĦĦĦ 4. Establishing the new-type agriculture technological innovation system We should establish the effective and harmonized agricultural technology management system, reform the resent agriculture research and development institutions on a classified basis, establish the effective and simplified research and development system with scientific institution layout and rational subject structure, establish the agricultural technology service system with multivariate teams, market-oriented mechanism and diversified forms, and establish the agriculture technological innovation operation mechanism that is open, flowing, competitive and coordinative. 5. Establishing the production-study-research combination system that centers around the enterprises and jointly bear the risks. We should establish the production-study-research associations of enterprises, universities and research institutions, form a market-oriented research and development system and an open production-study-research mechanism, according to the comparative advantages and strategic needs of China, select the areas of independent development and advance, explore new technology routes through system integration and mutual absorbing, and develop the technology with independent intellectual property right. We should accelerate the making of breakthroughs, development and the achievements transformation of major technology projects, and promote the combination of technology and economy. (3) Strengthening macroscopic guidance and speeding up the construction of policy environment for technological innovation. 1. Organizing the formulation and implementation of the "tenth-five-year" technological innovation outlines of the State, and clarify the work direction and tasks of the future technological innovation work. In accordance with the world technology development trend and the actual situations in China, the State shall select several major projects that have significant impact on the improvement of the overall innovation capacity of China, organize the work to make breakthroughs and implement the key breakthrough strategies. The State should select a batch of high-tech projects of strategic dominating importance, for which the State shall make the advance investment and organize the implementation of innovation-oriented strategic programs of overall significance at the appropriate time, to lay the foundation for the upgrading of industrial structure. We should do a good job in the market prediction, strengthen the information guidance, and periodically promulgate the catalogs of the development and introduction of encouraged, restricted and eliminated industrial technology. We should organize the formulation of regional technology development planning and accelerate the promotion of the technology development of western regions. 2. Giving more policy support in the aspects of taxation and finance to technological innovation. On the basis of earnestly implementing the various policies supporting technological innovation, we should formulate the policies that give more support in the aspects of finance, taxation and banking. The State shall give major support to the key technology, the common and accessory technology and the industrialization projects thereof that affect the improvement of the overall quality of national economy and the industrial optimization and upgrading. The State shall give more support to independent development with respect to the "strategic, basic and key" technological areas that concern the economic and social security of China. The State should support the enterprises to make use of the advanced application technology to reform the traditional industries and carry out the high-tech industrialization projects through finance policies and other means, continue to expand the preferential loans of the policy-oriented banks of the State, give more capital support to the key technological innovation projects of the State, strengthen the guidance and encouragement of the enterprises' development of high-tech products, and foster market for the innovation products; further encourage the enterprises to increase inputs to research and development, and promote the enterprises to raise the proportion of the such inputs in the sales proceeds. 3. Further strengthening the construction of the supervision system of quality, standard, measuring and security. We should establish and perfect the supervision system of quality, standard, measuring and security that are adaptive to the industrial technology development and entry into the WTO. We should perfect the quality administration, strengthen the quality supervision and promote the quality certification, actively adopt international standards and accelerate the formulation and implementation of industrial technology standards, actively promote the construction of measuring infrastructures and the research and development of the measuring and security evaluation and testing technology, formulate technical standards, strict backward technology, high-pollution technology and products from entering Chinese market, promote the domestic enterprise to enhance their capacity of resisting the strike from international products, and support the development of infant industries. 4. Establishing the system of consultation and review panel of industrial technology policies and major technology projects. The system of consultation and review panel is an important measure to promote the decision-making scientific and democratic in the market economic situation. The consultation and review panel of industrial technology policies and major technology projects shall be responsible for the demonstration and evaluation of the industrial technology policies and major technology projects of the State, and present suggestions for adjustment. The members of the consultation and review panel shall be composed of the representative of the relevant government departments, the enterprise circle, the academic circle, the intermediary agencies and other social organizations, etc. 5. Establishing a talent incentive mechanism to promote the optimized allocation of talent resources of the whole society. We should formulate and implement the human resource policies conducive to technological innovation, and set up state-level enterprise technological innovation prizes. The State encourages abroad students returning homeland to make innovation and development, promote the rational flow of technology personnel between the production, academic and research circles, and support the technological personnel to engage in achievement transformation. Reasonable equity shares should be given to the persons made the technological innovation and achievement transformation. We should arouse the enthusiasm of the technology personnel and strive to attract and foster world frontier technological talents by flexible use of the household register system, the personnel system, and the salary distribution and awards system. We should carry out the strategy of "revitalizing China through science and education", attach importance to all-around education, strengthen the vocational technological education and continuing education, foster study-oriented organizations, and put the education that enhances innovation sense and improves innovation capacity to an important position. |
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