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LIST OF THE FIRST GROUP OF ALIEN INVASIVE SPECIES IN CHINA 1. Chinese name: ×Ͼ¥ÔóÀ¼ Scientific name: Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. (Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) ENGLISH NAME: CROFTON WEED Alternative Chinese names: ½â·Å²Ý¡¢ÆÆ»µ²Ý Category: Compositae Diagnostic features: Its stems are purplish and glandular-hairy, leaves are opposite, oval triangle, with serrated edge. The inflorescences are corymbs 6mm across, there are 3-4 layers of bracts, and the florets are white and 1-2.5m high. Biological features: It's perennial herb or woody shrub, capable of sexual and asexual reproduction. Each weed can generate about 10,000 fruits in a year, which spread with pappus by wind. It has strong rhizomes, and can spread rapidly by such rhizomes. It can excrete allelochemicals and exclude various kinds of plants in vicinity. Origin: Central America, widely grows in tropic areas of the world. Current Distribution in China: Yunnan, Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan (southwest), Taiwan, and the vertical distribution ceiling is 2,500m. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was first found in south Yunnan in 1935 and might be introduced into China through Burma. It often forms an exclusive single-species community in the place where it grows, and squeezes out local plants, hinders the restoration of natural forests; invades into economic forests and farmlands, affects the growth of cultivated plants; blocks water channels, obstructs transportation, and it is poisonous all over and endangers livestock breeding. Control measures: (1) biological control: Eupatoriaceae flies have obvious restraint effects on its growth, and the parasitizing rate in the wild is above 50%; (2) substitute control: substitute by plants, such as branchiari, red clover, and dog-toothgrass, etc., may succeed to a certain extent; (3) chemical control: 2, 4-D, glyphosate, diquat, dicamba, and other over 10 kinds of herbicides have some controlling effect on the overground part of the weed, but comparatively less effective with respect to the root part. 2. Chinese name: Þ±¸Ê¾Õ Scientific name: Mikaina micrantha H. B. K. ENGLISH NAME: MILE-A-MINUTE WEED Category: Compositae Diagnostic features: Its stems are long and delicate, crawl on the ground or are scandent, usually have many braches; the leaves in the middle of the stem are triangle-like oval or oval, the base is heart-shaped; the flowers are white and heads form in a flat clustered group. Biological features: perennial herbaceous or woody vine, capable of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Roots can grow from between the stems and nodes, and a pair of new branches can grow from the axil of each node and form a new weed. Origin: Central America; now widely grows in the tropical areas of Asia and Oceania. Present distribution in China: now widely grows in Hong Kong, Macao, and the Pearl River Delta of Guangdong Province Introduction, spreading and detriments: It appeared in Hong Kong in 1919, and was found in Shenzhen in 1984. Mile-a-minute Weed is a liana with astonishing reproduction capacity, once it climbs upon any shrub or arbor, it will cover the whole plant rapidly, causing strangle and death of that plant by destroying the photosynthesis, The weed can also restrain the growth of other plants by generating allelochemicals. It does the greatest harm to the trees whose height is less than 6-8m, especially some less dense secondary forests and scenery forests, and it may cause catastrophic consequences of withering and death of patches of forests. This species has been named as one the 100 most harmful alien species in the world. Control measures: there is not yet any effective control measure at the present time, and the research of chemical and biological control measures are now being carried out in China as well as abroad. 3. Chinese name: ¿ÕÐÄÁ«×Ó²Ý Scientific name: Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb ENGLISH NAME: ALLIGATOR WEED Alternative Chinese names: Ë®»¨Éú¡¢Ï²ºµÁ«×Ó²Ý Category: Amaranthaceae Diagnostic features: aquatic weeds have no root hair and the stems are 1.5-2.5m; territorial weeds can form fleshy storage roots about 1 cm across, with root hair. They are generally 30cm high, have firm stems, and the internode can be up to 15cm long and with a diameter of 3-5mm, while the pulp cavity is relatively small. Its leaves are opposite, elliptical, or lance-shaped oval. The flower heads have a joint peduncle about 1.5-3cm long. The flowers are white or a little pinky, with 5 stamens. Biological features: It is perennial herbaceous and capable of vegetative reproduction through its stems and nodes; the fleshy storage roots of territorial weeds can generate adventitious bud when stimulated. It can grow 2-4cm each day at its peak. The flower season is from May to October, usually with no fruits. Origin: South America; widely grows in the temperate and subtropical areas in the world. Current distribution in China: almost all over the southern areas up to the Yellow River of China. Naturalized plants have also been found in Tianjin in recent years. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It made its first presence on the islands near Shanghai in 1892 and was cultivated and spread as pig feedstuff in the 1950s, and consequential weed disasters arose thereafter, in terms of: (1) blocking the navigation channels and affecting water traffic; (2) excluding other plants and simplifying the species in a community; (3) covering the water surface and affecting the growth of fish and the fishing operation; (4) undermining agriculture products in farmlands and reducing yields; (5) reproducing in large quantities in farm ditches and affecting agricultural irrigation; (6) invading in wetlands and meadows and destroying the scene; (7) generating mosquito and flies and endangering the health of human kind. Control measures: control by using its natural enemy: Agasicles hygrophila, which originates in South America, has relatively good effect against the aquatic type, however, has less effect against the territorial type. (2) Mechanic and manual control fits for less dense or newly invaded communities. (3) Chemical control by herbicides, such as glyphosate, Ready, alligator weedicide, etc., is effective in short term with respect to the overground part. 4. Chinese name: ëà²Ý Scientific name: Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. ENGLISH NAME: RAGWEED£¬BITTERWEED Category: Compositae Diagnostic features: the plant is lower than 1m, and its leaves are opposite in the lower part and alternate in the upper part, and are finely divided into two or three parts with serrated edge. Male inflorescence hangs downwards like a tiny inverted umbrella and in raceme-like elongated clusters, female inflorescence grows from under the male inflorescence or from axils of the upper part. Biological features: It's annual herbage living in wild lands, roadside, ditch side, or farmlands. It is widely adaptive and yields large amounts of seeds, and each plant can generate 300 to 62,000 seeds. Achenes have beaks and thorns at their front, and are spread mainly through water, by birds, and human; the seeds of bitterweed are capable of twice dormancy, and have strong resistance against adverse effects. Origin: North America; naturalized in many areas all over the world. Current distribution in China: about 15 provinces and municipalities under the Central Government in the Southeast, North, Middle, and East of China. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was found in Hangzhou is 1935 and is a malignant weed, it is harmful because: (1) its pollen is one of the major causes of hay fever of human kind; (2) it reduces the yields of agricultural products after invading into farms; (3) several allelochemicals released by it will restrain or supplant gramineae and compositae plants, etc. Control measures: (1) biological control by ragweed moth has achieved relatively good effects; (2) bentazone, flex, paraquat, and glyphosate, etc., can effectively restrain the growth of ragweed; (3) substitute control by amorpha fruticose and sallow thorn, etc., has good effect. 5. Chinese name: ¶¾Âó Scientific name: Lolium temulentum L. ENGLISH NAMES: DARNEL RYE-GRASS, POISON DARNEL Category: Gramineae Diagnostic features: Its stems clump and are 20-120cm high. Its leaves are thread-like with awns, 6-40cm long and 3-13cm wide. Its ears are narrow, 5-40cm long, have flexural axis and gouges on the sides, and have 8-19 pairs of spikelets; each spikelet has (2-) 4-6 flowers. The second glume has 5-9 veins; with arista of 7-15mm long. The caryopsis is long oval, 4-6mm long, green with purple and brown shine. Biological features: It is two-year or annual herbage, widely adaptive, and has strong capacity of tiller. Its seeds mature earlier than those of wheat, and drop with the glumes. It reproduces itself through seeds. Origin: Mediterranean area of the Europe; now widely grows all over the world. Current distribution in China: presence has been reported by every province (region) except Tibet and Taiwan. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It is spread with wheat seeds and was firstly found in the wheat imported from Bulgaria. It can cause serious reduction of the yields of wheat products. Wheat seeds will, after being infected by Stromatinia temulenta Prill.& Del., generate temuline, which can paralyze the central nerve. Humans will be poisoned if eating flour containing 4% temuline. Also, temuline when used as feedstuff can cause poisoning of livestock and fowl. Control measures: manual removal. 6. Chinese name: »¥»¨Ã×²Ý Scientific name: Spartina alterniflora Loisel. ENGLISH NAME: SMOOTH CORD-GRASS Category: Gramineae Diagnostic features: Its stalks are 1-1.7m high, erect, and have no branches. The leaves are up to 60cm long, 0.5-1.5cm wide at the base. The leaves roll inward at least when they are dry, and the tip becomes narrower to thread-like; the ligules consist of a fringe of hairs, 1-1.8cm long. The panicle is composed of 3-13 ear-like inflorescences, which are (3-) 5-15cm long and somewhat erect; the spikelets are 10-18mm long and are arranged like upside-down tiles. The tip of the glume is pretty sharp and has one vein, the first glume is shorter that the second one, with no hairs or short and soft hairs along the ridge; the anther is 5-7mm long. Biological features: It's perennial herb living in damp areas. It can endure salty and cold conditions and stormy waves. Its seeds can spread with waves. Its roots distribute in beach soil as deep as 60cm, a single plant can reproduce scores or hundreds of itself in one year. Origin: southeast coasts of the United States; and naturalized in west United States and the coasts of Europe. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was introduced in 1979 and gained some economic benefits, however, it has become a malignant grass in some areas in resent year, as: (1) it undermines the habitats of oceanic life and affects beach breeding; (2) it blocks navigation channels and obstructs ships from exiting the ports; (3) it affects the exchange capacity of seawater and results in downgrade of water quality and red-tide; (4) it threats the ecological system of native coasts and causes disappearance of large areas of red forests. Control measures: herbicides can eliminate the overground parts, however, have less effect with respect to the seeds and roots in the beach soil. 7. Chinese name: ·É»ú²Ý Scientific name: Eupatorium odoratum L. (Chromolaena odorata (L.) R. M. King & H. Rob.) ENGLISH NAMES: FRAGRANT EUPATORIUM£¬BITTER BUSH£¬SIAM WEED Alternative Chinese name: ÏãÔóÀ¼ Category: Compositae Diagnostic features: It is 3-7m high and has sturdy roots, erect stems and stretching branches. The leaves are opposite, deltoid to ovate-triangle, with a long pointed tip and a dentate margin, have three marked nerves; the two sides are coarse, covered with soft hairs and henna gland spots, the leaves are aromatic when crushed; the inflorescences are corymbs of cylindrical heads; 1cm long, 3 or 4 layers of buds. The corolla is tube-like, light yellow, and the head is pink. The achene is narrow thread-like, with ridges, and 5mm long, with short and rigid hairs on the ridges, and the pappus is tainted white with coarse hairs. Biological features: It's cluster perennial herbage or woody shrub, its achene can spread with pappus by wind. Because its mature season is right dry seasons with strong wind, thus it can proliferate and spread rapidly. The dormancy period of its seeds is very short and the seeds cannot live long in the soil. It blooms twice a year in the Hainan Island, with the first bloom appears between April to May, and the second between September to December. Origin: Central America; widely grows in tropical areas of South America, Asia, and Africa. Current distribution in China: Taiwan, Guangdong, Hong Kong, Macao, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, and Guizhou. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was introduced into Thailand for cultivation as a spiceberry plant at the early 1920s and was found in south Yunnan in 1934. It harms several agriculture products and trespasses the pastures. When its height reaches 15cm or more, it can markedly affect the growth of other grasses, it can generate allelochemicals and restrain the growth of the plants in vicinity, and it can also prevent insects from eating. Its leaves are poisonous and contain coumarin. Human skin will become red and swollen and blistering when scratched with its leaves, mis-eating of tender leaves will make people dizzy and vomit. Livestock and fish also may be poisoned. It is also the intermediate host of the cause of leaf spot disease, cercospora sp. Control measures: first it may be removed by mechanic or manual work, and then be disposed of with herbicides or substituted with plants of strong surviving and covering capacity, in addition, control by using its natural enemy, Pareuchaetes pseudooinsulata, is relatively effective. 8. Chinese name: ·ïÑÛÁ« Scientific name: Eichhornia crassipes£¨Mart.£©Solms ENGLISH NAME: WATER HYACINTH Alternative Chinese names: ·ïÑÛÀ¶¡¢Ë®ºù« Category: Pontederiaceae Diagnostic features: the part above water is 30-50 (-100)cm high or taller. Its stems have long and crawling branches. The leaf base is like lotus base, wide ovate, or wide ovate to kidney round, shinny, and with arc veins; the leafstalk is somehow swelled in the middle part with many gas cells inside. Its flowers are purple, the above petal is comparatively large, and there are yellow spots in the middle part. Its capsules are ovate. Biological features: It is perennial herbage floating on water or living in marsh. It mainly relies on asexual reproduction, the number of the plant can double in 5 days through separation of crawling branches from the parent plant. The inflorescence of a single plant can produce 300 seeds, which can live for 5 to 20 years under the water. The plant often lives in reservoirs, lakes, ponds, ditches, river channels with slow water speed, marsh, and paddy fields. Origin: northeast of Brazil; now widely grows in warm areas of the world. Current distribution in China: cultivated in 19 provinces (autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government) in south Liaoning, North China, East China, Middle China, and South China, and is a wild grass in Yangtze River Area and the southern areas thereto. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was introduced to Taiwan from Japan as a flower in 1901 and widely spread after being promoted as pig feedstuff in the 1950s. It blocks river channels, affects navigation, irrigation, and aquatic breeding; it damages the water ecological systems and threats the diversity of local plantations; it attracts heavy mental and other poisonous materials and sinks to the water bottom after death, thus causing a second pollution to the water; it covers the water surface and affects the water for life use; and it generates mosquitoes and flies. Control measures: (1) manual collecting; (2) control by natural enemy insects, Neochetina eichhorniae and N. bruchi, is relatively effective; (3) herbicides are effective within short periods. 9. Chinese name: ¼Ù¸ßÁº Scientific name: Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers. ENGLISH NAME: JOHNSON GRASS Alternative Chinese names: ʯé¡¢°¢À²®¸ßÁº Category: Gramineae Diagnostic features: It has elongated rhizomes with branches. The stalk stands erect, 1-3m long, the leaves are wide-thread-shaped, and the ligule is hairy. Panicles are large, purplish to dark purple; there are whorls of upright branches, with white soft hairs at the junctions connecting with the principal stem; spikelets are arranged in pairs, 1 member of the pair has a stalk, and the second member does not have one. The spikelets are 3.5- 4mm long, with no awns and are covered by soft hairs. The caryopsis is reddish-brown and upside-down ovate. Biological features: It is perennial herbage living in farmlands, orchards, and the damp areas on river banks, ditches, valleys, and lakeshores. It blooms in June and July, produces fruits in July through September, and reproduces by seeds and rhizomes. Origin: Mediterranean area; now widely grows in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, as well as in the high-latitude countries, such as Canada and Argentina, etc. Current distribution in China: Taiwan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Hong Kong, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Sichuan, Chongqing, and Yunnan. Introduction, spreading, and detriments: It was introduced from Japan to south Taiwan for cultivation at the beginning of the 20th Century, naturalized grass was found in Hong Kong and north Guangdong in the same period, and its seeds were often introduced in and spread when mixed with imported seeds of other plants. It's a wild grass in the farmlands of more than 30 kinds of agricultural products, such as broomcorn, corn, wheat, cotton, soybean, sugar cane, Jute, ambary, and clover, etc. It cannot only reduce the yields of agricultural products through ecological niche competition, but also become the host of several disease-causing microorganisms and pests. In addition, it can hybridize with other types of plants of the same category. Control measures: (1) the seeds mixed with the imported seeds can be eliminated by using wind or other methods; (2) the grass may be weeded during the period of summer and autumn cultivation and its rhizomes be placed under conditions of high temperature and dryness; (3) its growth may be refrained by temporary storing up of water; (4) it may also be dealt with by using herbicides, such as glyphosate or tetrafluoropropionate, etc. 10. Chinese name: Õá±â¶ê Scientific name: Opogona sacchari£¨Bojer£© ENGLISH NAME: BANANA MOTH Alternative Chinese name: Ï㽶¶ê Category: Lepidoptera, Hieroxestidae Diagnostic features: an adult moth is 7.5-10mm long with lanceolate wings. There are 2 obvious dark brown spots and many thin brown strips on its front wings. Its antennas are threadlike, its feet are stout and flat, among which the insteps are the longest, and there are two pairs of calcars at the tibia of its back feet. Its eggs are oval, light yellow, and about 0.5mm long. The larva is milk white and transparent. The moth produces chrysalides, which are bright brown, dark reddish-brown on the back side, and usually black at the front and end. Biological features: It can reproduce 3 to 4 times a year, the living cycle is about 3 months at 15¡æ, and under the conditions of higher temperature, it can reproduce as many as 8 times. The larva has strong moving capacity, moves about swiftly, eats cortexes and stems, and bites new roots. The larva will live through winter in the earth of the host followers and plants, and climbs onto and damages trees in the following year, usually living in and eating the dry skin of 3-year-old or older Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl. The eggs are scattered or piled up, each female moth can lay 50 to 200 eggs. The moth eats a variety of food and can take more than 60 kinds of plants as its host. Origin: tropical and subtropical areas of Africa. Current distribution in China: spread in over 10 provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government. The situation is more serious in southern regions, banana moth problems exist wherever there are Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl in those places. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It can easily diffuse and spread with the host plants and has been found in Europe, South America, West Indies, and the United States, etc. Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl is its major host plant. The moth was introduced into Guangzhou with imported Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl in 1987 and spread with the popularization of Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl in China. It spread to Beijing in the 1990s. It eats a variety of food, threatens agricultural products, such as banana, sugarcane, corn, and potato, etc., and the greenhouse-fostered plants, especially some precious flowers, etc. The infected plants will be partially damaged or even the cortex of the whole trunk will be emptied in serious cases. Control measures: winter when the larvae are in the earth is the most favorable time for control. Fast-killing medicated liquid, such as Jusha pesticides, may be sprayed at the damaged parts of the plant, and poisonous earth made with trichlorphon may be scattered on the earth surface in flower pots. Cloths soaked with dichlorvos may be fumigated in large-scale greenhouses. Control can also be carried out by spraying chemical liquids of chrysanthemum. Where the stem of Dracaena fragrans Ker-Gawl is partially damaged, biological control by injecting Swinhoei nematode is feasible. 11. Chinese name: ʪµØËÉ·Ûò» Scientific name: Oracella acuta£¨Lobdell£© ENGLISH NAME: LOBDELLY PINE MEALYBUG Alternative Chinese name: »ð¾æËÉ·Ûò» Category: Homoptera, Pseudococcidae Diagnostic features: the nympha is oval or dissymmetric oval, 1.02-1.52mm long, and has 3 pairs of feet. At the life end stage, the pest will secrete waxy materials to wrap itself with a white wax bag. Male adult mealybugs fall into two types, those with wings and those without wings. Distinctions from local mealybugs: female adult lobdelly pine mealybugs are pear-shaped, the abdomen tapers towards the end, with 7 antennas, whereas female adult native mealybugs are spindle-shaped and have 8 antennas. Biological features: nymphae and female adult mealybugs suck the succus from the tip of pines, mainly at the tip of the branches, and there will be most mealybugs at the tip of especially sturdy branches. Only in the winter will some nymphae hide in the sheaths of old pinpricks. Lobdelly pine mealybugs lay large amounts of eggs, with no strict requirements for temperature, and can tolerate given low temperatures. Origin: the United States. Current Distribution in China: there are cases reported from Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian, etc. Introduction, spreading, and detriments: It entered Taishan, Guangdong with the asexual reproduction materials of slash pines in 1988, and up to 1944, it spread to several counties and cities of Guangdong Province and had damaged 277.000h square meters pines. Lobdelly pine mealybugs are spreading at an estimated speed of 70,000h square meters each year. In the recent 30 years, China has introduced many fine varieties of pines from America, among which slash pines, loblolly pines and Caribbean pines have the largest coverage, and these hosts facilitate the spreading of lobdelly pine mealybugs. The mealybugs also seriously threat the local Pinus massoniana and Pinus latteri, etc., the problem in the low-altitude areas of the coasts of middle Guangdong is very serious, and the problematic area is expanding rapidly. They can tolerate the low temperature of winter and therefore it is possible for them to spread towards north areas. Control measures: many control experiments by chemical liquids and microorganisms have been carried out in China and the control is relatively effective in killing the pest, however, those methods have not been used on a large scale in production. 12. Chinese name: Ç¿´óСó¼ Scientific name: Dendroctonus valens LeConte ENGLISH NAME: RED TURPENTINE BEETLE Alternative Chinese name: ºìÖ¬´óСó¼ Category: Coleptera; Scolytidae Diagnostic features: an adult beetle is cylinder-shaped, 5.7-10.0mm long, and tinge or dark red. The length of a male beetle is 2.1 times its width, an adult beetle is reddish-brown in the body, its forehead irregularly pointed, and its prothorax wide. It has coarse spots, and its head becomes narrower towards the sides, and it's incapable of shrinking; its body is covered with untidy long hairs. A female beetle is similar to a male one, however, the upheaval in prominent in the middle of its forehead above the eye-liner, the spots on its prothorax are larger, and the tip of its theca is rough with larger spots. Biological features: It mainly damages mature large trees of which the growth is weak, especially freshly cut logs or stumps. It can reproduce 1 to 2 times a year, the periods are unspecified, adult beetles are active in the forests through out the year except the winter, and the peak of activity arises in middle or late May. The female adult beetle reaches the tree first, burrows through the inside and outside cortex into the cambium, and may also attack and eat the surface of xylem. Within a short period after the female adult beetle intrudes into the tress, the male beetle will enter the tube, when it reaches the cambium, the female beetle will first eat upwards, continuously expanding the tube in horizontal or vertical direction until the serum stops flowing, then the female beetle with eat downwards, usually until to the root. Mixture of coagulated filler-shaped serum and wood scraps will appear around the hole, whereby the beetle intrudes into the tree. Beetles at various stages can live through the winter in between the cortex and the phloem, mainly concentrating at the root and base of the trees. Origin: America areas, such as the United States, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras, etc. Current distribution in China: Shanxi, Shannxi, Hebei, and Henan, etc. Introduction, spreading, and detriments: It was first found in Yangcheng, Qinshui of Shanxi Province of China in 1998, and it is presumed to be related with the introduction of wood from the United States to Shanxi in the late 1980s. Different from the situations in North America, the beetles not only attack weak trees, but also healthy ones, resulting in large number of deaths of their hosts in those areas. At the end of 1999, the coverage of the beetles in Hebei, Henan, and Shanxi is 526.000h square meters, among which, the seriously damaged areas amount to 130,000h square meters, the death rate of particular areas is as high as 30%, and more than 6 million pines died as a result. According to the survey and statistics made in 2000 in Shanxi, when the damaged areas reach 163,000h square meters, the disaster areas are 91,000h square meters, and 3.424 million mature pinus tabulaeformis have died as a result. Control measures: seriously damaged trees shall be eliminated, fumigation treatment shall be carried out with respect to stumps, remaining young beetles shall be killed and the beetles shall be prevented from laying more eggs on the stumps. Methrin pesticides may be sprayed at the base of trees during the intrusion period of adult beetles to prevent damages. 13. Chinese name: ÃÀ¹ú°×¶ê Scientific name: Hyphantria cunea£¨Drury£© ENGLISH NAME: FALL WEBWORM, AMERICAN WHITE MOTH Alternative Chinese names: ÇïĻë³æ¡¢ÇïÄ»¶ê Category: Lepidoptera, Arctiidae Diagnostic features: The adult moth is white and 12-15mm long. The male moth has pectinate antennas and has some brown spots on its forewings. The female moth has sawtooth-shaped and pure white forewings, and it's oval. Larva coloration varies much and can be divided into red head type and black head type according to the color of their heads. The pupa is elongated-spindle-shaped, dark reddish-brown, and the cocoon is brown or dark red and consists of sparse silk mixed with larva hairs. Biological features: American white moth can reproduce twice a year in Liaoning and other places. The pupa live through the winter under the cortex or the fallen leaves on the ground, larvae can spin after incubated and will gather in the web to eat leaves, and after the leaves have been eaten up, the larvae will move to another part of the branch and burgeon to make new webs. Origin: North America. Current distribution in China: Liaoning, Hebei, Shandong, Tianjin, and Shannxi, etc. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was introduced into Europe in 1940s and now has spread to over 10 European countries, as well as Japan, Korea, and Turkey. It was introduced into Dandong, Liaoning of China in 1979 and to Rongcheng County of Shandong Province with the wood carried by fishermen in 1981. It spread in Shandong and was found in Tianjin in 1995, and then it was found in Wugong County of Shannxi Province in 1985 and became a great harm. It spreads mainly through wood and wood packages and can further spread through flying. It has strong reproduction capacity, can spread rapidly, and can spread outwards 35-50km every year. It damages over 200 kinds of plants, such as fruit trees, forests, agricultural products, and wild plants, etc. In the areas with dense orchards and tourist sites or woods, it can eat up the leaves of a whole tree in serious cases, resulting in the death of some branches or even the whole plant. It also seriously threats silkworm breeding, forestry and fruit industry and urban greening, and causes striking losses. In addition, the damaged trees will become weaker and more vulnerable to the attack of other pests, and their capacity of resisting coldness and hard conditions will be weakened. The larvae like eating mulberry and thus threaten the silkworm breeding industry. Control measures: manual, mechanic, and chemical methods, such as inducing and killing adult moths by using black fluorescent lamps and cutting the webs manually, etc., shall be used to control the damages; the pupa can be dug out manually in autumn and winter; and chemical and biological pesticides such as cypermethrin and mieyouniao, etc., may be sprayed. 14. Chinese name: ·ÇÖÞ´óÎÏÅ£ Scientific name: Achating fulica ENGLISH NAME: GIANT AFRICAN SNAIL Alternative Chinese names: ºÖÔÆÂêè§ÂÝ¡¢¶«·çÂÝ¡¢²ËÂÝ¡¢»¨ÂÝ¡¢·¨¹úÂÝ Category: Stylomnatophora, Achatinidae Diagnostic features: The shell is elongated oval, deep yellow or yellow, and has brown and white stripes; the hilum is blocked by the shaft lip, and the shell aperture is elongated fan-shaped; there are 6.5-8 light blue gyrations within the shell; the soft body is deep brown or yellow, and the shell is about 10cm high. Its foot muscles are strong, and its back is dark brown with colorless grume. Biological features: It likes to habitat in places with abundant vegetation and where it is shady, damp, and with much humus. It is most active during the period between June and September and moves about in the morning, evening or at night. It eats a variety and a lot of food, and young snails often eat humus. Its hermaphroditic and mates with each other; it grows fast and matures and becomes capable of mating and spawning in 5 months. It has strong reproduction capacity and can lay 100 to 400 eggs each time. It lives as long as 5 to 7 years. It is very capable of resisting adverse effects and goes into dormancy rapidly if encountering hostile environment and can live for several years under such conditions. Origin: around Zanzibar, Pemba, and Madagascar of Tanzania along the east coast of Africa. Current distribution in China: now already spread to Guangdong, Hong Kong, Hainan, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, and Taiwan, etc. Introduction, spreading, and detriments: It was introduced in as human food, pets, and feedstuff of animals, and apart from the origin, it has spread to South Asia, Southeast Asia, Japan, and the United States, etc. at a rapid speed. It was found in Xiamen of Fujian at the late 1920s and early 1930s, probably being introduced in with the plants carried by a Chinese residing in Singapore. It was then introduced to several south provinces as a delicious food. Apart from being initiatively introduced by humans, its eggs and larvae can spread with ornamental plants, wood, vehicles, and containers, etc., and when mixed with the earth at the egg stage. It bites up scions, burgeons, tender leaves and trunk cortex, and has become a harmful creature damaging agricultural products, vegetables, and the ecological system. This snail is also an intermediary host of vermins and pathogeny of humans and animals. Control measures: segregation systems must be set up in the breeding places; and the snails must be completely eliminated after the breeding ends. They shall be destroyed through various kinds of methods in addition to medicine control. 15. Chinese name: ¸£ÊÙÂÝ Scientific name: Pomacea canaliculata Spix ENGLISH NAMES: APPLE SNAIL£¬GOLDEN APPLE SNAIL£¬AMAZONIAN SNAIL Other Chinese names: ´óÆ¿ÂÝ¡¢Æ»¹ûÂÝ¡¢Ñ©ÂÝ Category: Mesogastropoda, Ampullariidae Diagnostic features: Its shell is relatively thin, oval, light green olive to yellowish-brown, and is smooth. There are 5-6 rapidly growing gyrations at the top of its shell. The spire part is short taper, and the body gyration amounts to five sixths of the shell height. The seam line is deep. The shell aperture is wide and continuous, of which the height is two thirds of the shell height; the callus is thin and bluish-grey. Its hilum is large and deep, with horniness lamella, oval, and has concentric growth lines. The core of lamella is near the edge of the axis labium. The shell is over 8cm high; over 7cm across, and the longest diameter can reach 15cm. Biological features: It likes to habitat in slow waters and rivers, as well as damp and well-ventilated ditches, brooks, and paddy fields, etc. It is inclined to habitat at water bottom, dioecious, eats a variety of food, and is used to dormancy. It starts mating in early March, lays eggs on the stems of emerged plants near waters or on the banks or cliffs. The newly laid eggs are vivid orange and become light pink in the air. A female snail generally lays 2,400 to 8,700 eggs each year and the incubation rate can reach 90%. Its reproduction rate is 10 times that of the local similar species in the paddy fields of Asia. Though an aquatic species, it can live for 6-8 months in humid earth in dry seasons. Once flood breaks out or the land is irrigated, they become active again. Origin: Amazon area. Current distribution in China: widely distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Fujian, and Zhejian, etc. Introduction, spreading, and detriments: It was first introduced into Taiwan as a high-protein food; then introduced into Guangdong in 1981, and was widely bred as a special economic animal in that province around 1984, then it was introduced into other provinces for breeding. However, as a result of excessive breeding, unfavorable taste and poor marketability, they escaped or were abandoned in large quantities, and rapidly spread from farmlands to natural wetlands. The snails eat extremely a lot of food, and can bite and eat rough plants, even scratch and eat alga. Their rejection can pollute the waters. The loss they cause to the production of paddy obviously exceeds much of their value as a delicious food. In addition to threatening aquatic seashells and aquatic plants, and destroying the food chain, the snails are also the intermediary host of Echinostoma revolutum and Guangzhou tube eelworms. Control measures: Emphasis shall be put on the control over the adult snails living through winter and before the peak egg laying period of the first generation adult snails, thus to reduce the quantity of second generation snails and effectively control the second generation in good time. The control shall mainly rely on rectifying and destroying the places where they live through the winter, reducing the number of snails remaining after winter, and manual collecting of snail eggs and breeding ducks to eat the snails, and medical control shall be used as assistance. 16. Chinese name: Å£ÍÜ Scientific name: Rana catesbeiana Shaw ENGLISH NAMES: BULL FROG; AMERICAN BULLFROG Alternative Chinese name; ÃÀ¹úÇàÍÜ Category: Anura (Salientia), Ranidae Diagnostic features: The frog has large and stout body which is 152-170mm long. The length and width of its head are alike, its snout tip is blunt round, the nostril near the snout tip is upward, and the eardrum is pretty large. The skin on its back is relatively coarse. Its eggs are small and are 12-1.3mm across. The total length of a polliwog can be more than 100mm. Biological features: It lives and reproduces in waters with opulent water grasses. Adult frogs usually habitat in the waters separately except in the reproduction seasons when they will gather together. Polliwogs often live at the water bottom and seek food and move about among the water grasses. Bull frogs eat a variety of food in large amount, including insects and other invertebrate animals, as well as fish, frogs, axolotls, young tortoises, snakes, small rats and birds, etc., they even eat each other sometimes. It can lay eggs twice or three times a year, 10,000-50,000 eggs each time. It becomes sexually mature in 3-5 years and it life span is 6-8 years. Origin: Areas east to the Rocky Mountains of North America, north to Canada, and south to north Florida. Current distribution in China: Almost all over the areas (including Taiwan) south to Beijing, except Tibet, Hainan, Hong Kong, and Macao. Introduction, spreading and detriments: It was widely introduced into countries all over the world for edible purpose and was introduced into China in 1959. The frog has strong adaptive capacity, eats a variety of food, has few natural enemies, lives long, has strong reproduction capacity, has obvious competitive advantages, and can easily intrude and spread to other places. Local amphibians are faced with the danger of reduction and extinction, even the biological diversity has been affected, such as the local fish living in Dianchi Lake, and some insect communities are threatened by bull frogs. Improper breeding and management methods are the main reason for its spreading. Also as a result of lack of strict management in domestic trade, consumption, and processing, the frogs often escape on the way of distant transport and during processing. Control measures: the management of bull frog breeding and the control over food and drink industry shall be strengthened to prevent further expanding of intrusion. Breeding methods shall be changed from natural breeding to fenced breeding. The number of frogs shall be controlled by clearing the polliwog in the pond. Existing frogs shall be caught and consumed to control their number in the natural environment. |
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