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Since the national work meeting of vocational education was held in 2002, all regions and departments have earnestly implemented the Decision of the State Council on Vigorously Promoting the Reform and Development of Vocational Education (No. 16 [2002] of the State Council) and have intensified the leadership of and support for the work of vocational education so that the reform and development of vocational education on the employment-oriented basis is gradually becoming a common view of the society, the scale of the vocational education has been further expanded, and the functionary ability of the vocational education to serve the economy and society has been obviously intensified. However, from a general point of view, the vocational education is still a weak link in our education undertaking with unbalanced development, inadequate input, comparatively poor conditions for school running, whereby the school-running mechanism as well as the scale, structure and quality of talent training cannot meet the requirements of the social development. In order to further implement and carry into effect the Law of the People's Republic of China on Vocational Education and the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China, meet the pressing requirements for high-quality laborers and skilled talents in the building of an overall well-off society, and promote the construction of a harmonious socialist society, we hereby make the following decisions on vigorously developing the vocational education: I. CARRYING INTO EFFECT THE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPT OF DEVELOPMENT AND REGARDING THE DEVELOPMENT OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AS AN IMPORTANT BASIS FOR THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT AS WELL AS A STRATEGIC FOCUS IN THE WORK OF EDUCATION (1) Vigorously developing the vocational education and accelerating the development of human resources is a significant step to carry into effect the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education and the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development, promote the progress on a new way to industrialization, solve the issues concerning "agriculture, countryside and farmers" and promote the employment and re-employment; is an important means to elevate the national quality in an overall manner, convert the pressure of a large population into an advantage of human resources, elevate our comprehensive national strength and build a harmonious society; and is an imperative requirement to implement the educational guidelines of the CPC Communist Party, observe the educational rules and realize a sustainable development of the educational undertaking in an overall and harmonious manner. Under the new situation, the people's governments at all levels shall, under the guidance of the Deng Xiaoping Theory and the importance thought of "Three Represents", carry into effect the scientific concept of development and closely combine the acceleration of the vocational education, especially the development of the secondary vocational education, and the prosperity of economy, promotion of employment, elimination of poverty, maintenance of stability and construction of advanced culture, intensify the sense of imminence and commitment, adopt effective measures and vigorously promote the sound and fast development of the vocational education. (2) We should clarify the objective of the reform and development of the vocational education. We should further establish and improve a flexible, open and freely-developed modern vocational education system with Chinese characteristics in a reasonable structure and diverse forms, which, by means of school-enterprise cooperation and knowledge-practice combination, meets the requirements of the socialist market economic system, satisfies the life-long study requirements of the people and is closely related to market demand as well as labor and employment. In the 11th 5-year period, we should continue improving the multiple school-running pattern of "leadership of government, dependence on enterprises, full exertion of industrial functions, active participation of all the social walks and joint development of public and private schools" and the administrative system of "under the leadership of the State Council and on the basis of the classified administration, the local governments' major role, the Central Government's overall arrangement and the participation of all social walks". By 2010, the enrollment scale of the secondary vocational education shall have reached 8 million, which is, on the whole, equal to the enrollment scale of common senior high schools. The higher vocational education shall have constituted more than 50% that of the higher education. During the 11th 5-year period, the vocational education shall have supplied to the society more than 25 million secondary vocational school graduates and more than 11 million higher vocational institution graduates. The occupational trainings in diversified forms shall have been further developed, which may train more than a billion urban and rural laborers each year, so that the quality of our laborers is obviously elevated. The school-running conditions of the vocational education shall have been universally improved, the construction of faculty contingents shall have been further intensified and the quality and benefits shall have been obviously elevated. II. SETTING A TENET OF SERVING THE CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALIST MODERNIZATION AND FORGING HUNDREDS OF MILLIONS OF HIGH-QUALITY LABORERS AND MILLIONS OF SPECIAL SKILLED TALENTS (3) The vocational education shall serve our progress on the new way of industrialization, adjustment of the economic structure and transformation of growth mode. We should implement the national training projects of skilled talents and accelerate the training of skilled talents as badly needed by the frontlines of production and services, especially the training of high-quality and special skilled talents badly needed by the modern manufacturing industry and the modern service industry. All the regions and departments shall, according to the requirements in the development of the regional economy and industries, formulate the regional and industrial training plans for skilled talents. (4) The vocational education shall serve the transfer of rural laborers. We should implement the national training projects for the transfer of rural laborers, promote the transfer of rural laborers in a reasonable and orderly manner and help farmers get out of poverty and become rich, elevate the occupational skills of rural migrant workers who seek jobs in cities and help them enjoy the stable employment in cities. (5) The vocational education shall serve the construction of new socialist villages. We should continue intensifying the overall planning for "basic education, vocational education and adult education" in rural areas, promote the combination of "agriculture, science and education", implement the training projects of rural practical talents and bring into full play the functions of all kinds of rural vocational schools, adult cultural and technical schools as well as all kinds of training organizations for the application of agricultural techniques. We should forge the rural practical talents and skilled talents on a large basis, popularize the advanced and applicable techniques in a wide range and vigorously elevate the ideology and morality as well as the scientific and cultural quality of farmers. (6) The vocational education shall serve the elevation of laborers' quality, especially the occupational abilities thereof. We should carry out the training projects of adult further education and of re-employment focusing on the elevation of occupational abilities, establish an educational and training system with combination of knowledge and practice for employers in enterprises, carry out the common and lasting cultural education and technical trainings among the incumbent employers, accelerate the training of senior skilled workers and technicians and build up study-oriented enterprises. The occupational institutions and training organizations shall serve the employment and re-employment, and, being geared to the junior or senior high school graduates, urban unemployed personnel as well as rural migrant laborers, carry out the trainings of occupational skills and business setup in diversified forms so as to elevate their abilities to hunt jobs, work, change jobs and set up their own business. We should vigorously develop community education and distance education, by such diversified means of self-study examinations and holding the night schools or weekend schools, to meet the diversified study requirements of the people. We should establish an "overpass" that communicates and links up the vocational education and any other education so as to develop the vocational education into an important link in the life-long education system and to promote the establishment of a study-oriented society. III. INSISTING ON THE ORIENTATION OF EMPLOYMENT AND FURTHER CARRYING OUT THE TEACHING REFORM IN THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (7) We should promote the transformation of the school-running concept in the vocational education. We should, based on the school-running guidelines of "making services as the tenet and employment as the orientation" in the vocational education, actively promote the transformation of the vocational education from planned training to market drive, promote the transformation of the direct control of the government to the macro guidance thereof and promote the transformation of the traditional orientation of entering a higher school to the orientation of employment. We should promote the close combination of the teaching of the vocational education and the production practice, technical popularization and social services, actively carry out the order trainings, intensify the occupational guidance and the education of business setup, establish and improve a service system for the employment and business setup of vocational school graduates and promote the vocational schools to run their schooling based on the orientation of the society and market. (8) We should further carry out the teaching reform in education. We should, according to the requirements of the market and society, incessantly renovate the teaching contents and improve the teaching methods. We should adjust the structure of specialties and vigorously develop the disciplines that meet the requirements of new industries and modern service industries and vigorously promote the development of fine subjects, fine courses and textbooks. We should accelerate the establishment of a flexible study system and gradually apply a credit system and an elective system. We should accelerate the informatization construction of the vocational education and promote the application of modern educational techniques in the education and teaching. We should make the occupational ethnics, occupational abilities and employment rate as important indicators in the assessment of the teaching work of vocational schools. We should gradually establish the relevant standards and systems of talent training, selection and assessment according to the features of the vocational education, which are distinguished from the general education. (9) We should intensify the training of the practice ability and occupational skills of the vocational school students. We should attach great importance to the teaching in the links of practice and practical trainings, continue the implementation of the construction plan of practical training bases for the vocational education and establish 2, 000 practical training bases for the vocational education which have comprehensive disciplines, well-equipped facilities and high-quality resource pooling in the key specialty fields. The special funds of the state treasury for the vocational education shall support the construction of practical training bases with large market demand, flexible mechanism and outstanding benefits by such means as awards. We should further promote the work of granting to competent students the occupational qualification certificates. A graduate that has obtained the academic certificate of a vocational school may, when participating in the occupational skill authentication at the intermediate level relating to his specialty, be exempted from the theoretical examination. A person who has passed the examination on operation skills may obtain the relevant occupational qualification certificate. By 2010, the key secondary vocational schools as well as the higher vocational institutions with mature conditions at or above the provincial level shall establish the occupational skill authentication institutions to carry out the occupational skill authentication. The students of the foregoing schools may, after passing the relevant examination, obtain the academic certificate and the relevant occupational qualification certificate at the same time. (10) We should vigorously apply the training mode of knowledge-practice combination and school-enterprise cooperation. We should, based on close relationship with enterprises, intensify the production internship and social practice of students and reform the traditional mode of talent training that puts the focus on schools and classes. A secondary vocational school student shall practice internship in an employing entity such as an enterprise by taking a concrete post in the year of graduation. The practice and practical training of higher vocational institutions shall last no less than half a year. We should establish a system of enterprises' receiving the intern students from vocational institutions. During the internship, the relevant enterprise and the relevant school shall coordinate in the teaching of the relevant special theories as well as the practical training of techniques and jointly do a good job in such work of labor protection and security in the students' internship and pay the intern students taking concrete posts reasonable remunerations. We should establish and improve a system of work-study by turns step by step, and carry out the pilot work in some vocational schools that students receive the free-of-charge vocational education by the work-study program, and popularize it step by step after the relevant experience is obtained. (11) We should actively implement the urban support to rural vocational education and the support of the eastern regions to the vocational education of the western regions. We should make the development of the vocational education an important content in the support of the urban areas or of the eastern regions to the rural areas or the western regions. All the regions shall intensify the overall planning and coordination and closely combine the relevant support geared to the vocational education with the transfer of the rural work force, poverty alleviation through education and the promotion of employment. We should make full use of the high-quality resources of vocational education and job market in the eastern regions and urban areas to further promote the joint enrollment and cooperative schooling between the vocational schools in the eastern and western regions as well as in the urban and rural areas. We should adopt a more flexible study system. A vocational school in a region with mature conditions may adopt a schooling mode on the phase-by-phase and district-by-district basis, whereby a student may study in a western region or rural area for the first 1-2 years and study in an eastern area or city for the remnant time. We should encourage the eastern regions and cities to reduce or exempt the tuition fees of students from the western regions or rural areas and to provide the relevant help for employment thereto. (12) We should put the moral education at the first place and promote the quality education in an overall manner. We should insist on the orientation of educating a person and give prominence to the occupational moral education focusing on creditworthiness and accountability. We should determine a group of work bases for moral education in the vocational education, and select and employ a group of labor models and technical professionals to work as moral instructors. We should intensify the organizational building of the Party and the League of vocational schools and actively encourage students to join the Party or League. We should bring into play the functions of school education, family education and social education so as to build a sound social environment for the healthy development of students. IV. INTENSIFYING THE CONSTRUCTION OF BASIC ABILITIES AND MAKING EFFORTS TO ELEVATE THE SCHOOLING LEVEL AND QUALITY OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS (13) We should establish and improve a flexible and open network of the vocational education and trainings that spreads over the urban and rural areas. Each municipality (prefecture) should, based on reasonable planning and allocation as well as the integration of the present resources, put the focus on constructing a higher vocational technical institution and several secondary vocational schools. Every county (city or prefecture) shall put the focus on running a backbone vocational education center that plays the exemplary function (secondary vocational school). A village or town shall, by depending on the middle or primary schools, cultural and technical schools of farmers as well as other training institutions, carry out the vocational education and training. The community shall make efforts to carry out the services of vocational education and trainings. An enterprise shall establish and improve a modern enterprise training system. (14) We should intensify the construction of the vocational education centers at the county level. We should continue implementing the special construction plan of vocational education centers at the county level, whereby the state lays the focus on supporting the construction of 1, 000 vocational education centers at the county level so as to make them act as important bases for the development of human resources, the trainings for the transfer of rural laborers, the training and application of skills, poverty relief and development as well as the popularization of the education at junior middle school stage. All regions shall arrange the relevant funds to improve the schooling conditions of vocational education centers at the county level. (15) We should intensify the construction of the exemplary vocational schools. We should implement the construction plan of the exemplary schools of vocational education and, based on the integration of resources, further development of the reform and mechanism innovation, focus on the construction of 1, 000 high-level secondary vocational schools and 100 high-level higher vocational institutions that play an exemplary role in training high-quality and skilled talents. We should vigorously elevate the ability of these schools to train high-quality and skilled talents, promote them to play an exemplary function in the further development of the reform and in the innovation of the system and mechanism so as to motivate the vocational schools throughout the country to develop characteristic schooling and elevate their schooling quality. Before 2010, a secondary vocational school shall not be upgraded to a higher vocational institution or to be incorporated into a college or university and a vocational school at the special course level shall not be upgraded to a school at the undergraduate course level, as is the general principle. (16) We should intensify the construction of faculty contingents. We should implement the plan on elevating the quality of faculty in vocational schools. The local fiscal departments at all levels shall continue supporting the construction of the training bases of vocational education faculty and the faculty trainings. We should establish a system that the faculty of vocational education shall practice in an enterprise and that the special faculty shall practice in an enterprise or on the frontline of production and services for 2 months every 2 years. We should formulate and improve the policies for employing part-time teachers in the vocational education and support the vocational schools to employ engineering technical personnel and high-tech personnel to hold the posts of teachers of specialized courses or intern instructors, as is geared to the whole society. We should intensify the "Bi-teacher" construction of the faculty contingents, whereby a teacher of a vocational school who is specialized in a subject featured with much practicality may, according to the relevant provisions of the pilot regulation on occupational technical posts, apply for the qualification of a second occupational technique or may, according to the relevant provisions, apply for the relevant occupational qualification certificate. V. ACTIVELY PROMOTING THE SYSTEM REFORM AND INNOVATION AND BOOSTING THE DEVELOPMENT VITALITY OF THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (17) We should promote the system reform and innovation of the schooling system of public vocational schools. A public vocational school shall actively attract non-governmental capital and overseas funds and research for a schooling system with the dominance of the public ownership, clearly defined property right as well as the co-existence of ownership in diversified forms. We should promote the cooperative schooling between public vocational schools and enterprises so as to form a schooling entity in the form of a factory (yard) being located behind a school and combining a school with an enterprise. We should promote the integration and restructuring of resources of public vocational schools and take a road of running schools on the basis of scale development, conglomeration and chain operation. We should bring into play the function of public vocational schools as the major force in the vocational education. (18) We should further develop the reform of the internal administrative system that puts the focus on the reform of the personnel allocation system. We should further carry into effect the schooling autonomy of vocational schools. The principal responsibility system and appointment system shall be adopted for the secondary vocational schools. The principal responsibility system and tenure system under the leadership of the Party Committee shall be applied in higher vocational institutions. We should implement the staff employment system and post management system in an overall manner and establish a system that may attract the talents, stabilize the talents and mobilize the talents in a reasonable manner. We should further develop the reform of internal income allocation by linking the staff income with the development of school and linking the post with individual contribution so as to mobilize the initiative of school staff. (19) We should vigorously develop the private vocational education. We should implement and carry into effect the Law of the People's Republic of China on Promoting Private Education as well as the Regulation on Implementation thereof and incorporate the private vocational education into the overall planning of the development of vocational education. We should intensify the support to private vocational education, formulate and improve the relevant policies and measures for the land used for the construction of private vocational schools and the fund raising thereof. We should give equal treatment to the private vocational schools and public vocational schools in such respects of construction of faculty contingents, enrollment and student treatment. We should intensify the administration of private vocational schools and regulate the schooling according to law. We should extend the opening of vocational education to the outside, consult the good overseas experience, actively introduce high-quality resources, promote the cooperative schooling in the field of vocational education between China and a foreign country and make efforts to explore the overseas job market for the employment of vocational school graduates. VI. BASING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ON INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES AND PROMOTING THE CLOSE COMBINATION OF VOCATIONAL SCHOOLS AND ENTERPRISES (20) An enterprise shall intensify its staff training and elevate the quality of its employees. We should further do a good job in running the established vocational schools. An enterprise may establish a vocational school in a joint manner or may cooperate with a vocational school regarding the school running. An enterprise is obliged to accept the internship of vocational school students and the practice of the faculty. The relevant preferential taxation treatment shall be given to an enterprise that pays the relevant intern students. (21) We should earnestly implement and carry into effect the provisions that "a general enterprise may collect the funds for education and training in full amount in light of 1.5 % the total wage payment of its employees and an enterprise that requires high technical practitioners, bears heavy training tasks and produces good economic benefits may collect 2.5 % thereof". The funds for education and training shall be collected in full amount and shall be applied for the education and training of enterprises employees especially the employees on the frontlines. For a new project of an enterprise, the technical training funds shall be arranged for its employees. (22) The administrative department of the industry and the industrial association shall, under the guidance of the relevant state guidelines and policies for education, carry out the forecasting of talent demand, formulate the planning for education and training, organize and guide the vocational education and training in an industry; participate in the formulation of the standards for the occupational qualification of special work types, for the occupational skill authentication as well as the certificate issuance; participate in the formulation of the standards for the training institution qualification and for the practitioners' qualification; and participate in the state appraisal on the education and teaching of vocational schools as well as the relevant administrative work. VII. STRICTLY IMPLEMENTING THE EMPLOYMENT ACCESS SYSTEM AND IMPROVING THE OCCUPATIONAL QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATE SYSTEM (23) An employing entity shall, when recruiting any employee, strictly implement the provisions of "training before employment" and "training before assuming one's post" and give the priority to the persons who have obtained the academic certificate of a vocational school, the occupational qualification certificate and the certificate of passing an occupational training. We should further improve the measures for the access into the relevant occupation concerning the safety of the life and property of the people. Such departments as the department of social and labor security, personnel department and the department for industry and commerce shall intensify the supervision of the implementation of the employment access system. We should give punishments to any entity that has violated the relevant provisions by recruiting any person who hasn't undergone the vocational education or training and order it to give trainings to the relevant personnel within a time limit. The relevant department shall make efforts to formulate and improve the regulations on and policies for employment access. (24) We should promote and regulate the occupational qualification certificate system in an overall manner. We should intensify the guidance for and administration of the occupational skill authentication, the appraisal on the occupational qualification of special technical personnel as well as the issuance of occupational qualification certificates. We should establish an occupational qualification standard system that can reflect the economic development as well as the demand of the labor market. VIII. INCREASING THE FINANCIAL INPUT THROUGH DIVERSIFIED CHANNELS AND ESTABLISHING A FINANCIAL AID SYSTEM FOR THE STUDENTS IN THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (25) The people's governments at all levels shall intensify their support to the vocational education and gradually increase the input of public finance in the vocational education. The fiscal departments at all levels shall arrange the special funds for the vocational education and put the focus on supporting the construction of disciplines where skilled talents are badly needed, the training for the faculty of the vocational education, such arduous industries as agriculture and mining as well as the development of the vocational education and adult education in the rural areas and the areas of ethnic minorities of the central and western regions. The governments at the provincial level shall formulate the average fund standards in light of the number of the vocational school students within their administrative regions. (26) We should further carry into effect the policies that the urban additional education expenses shall be used in the vocational education. From 2006, the proportion of the urban additional education expenses as arranged for the vocational education shall not be lower than 20% in general areas and shall not be lower than 30% in the areas where the 9-year compulsory education has been popularized. The funds for the development of science and technology and popularization of technologies in rural areas may be properly applied in the occupational trainings in rural areas. A vocational school or training organization that carries out any training for the re-employment of laid-off and unemployed personnel may enjoy the subsidies for re-employment trainings according to the relevant provisions. We should intensify the input of the funds that the state or the local government has arranged for poverty relief and the allocation of migrant workers into the training of rural laborers in those poverty-stricken areas. The state encourages enterprises, public institutions, social associations or citizens to fund education. For any financial aid or donation that is made to fund the vocational education through any governmental department or non-profit organization, the relevant preferential taxation policies shall be given according to the relevant provisions. We should decide the standards for tuition charge of vocational schools in a reasonable manner so as to ensure that the tuition income be applied in full amount to the school development. We should intensify the administration of the use of the funds for the vocational education so as to elevate the efficiency of using the foregoing funds. (27) We should establish a financial support system for the students from poor families in the vocational education. The state treasury and the local fiscal department shall arrange the relevant funds for financially aiding those students from rural poor families or urban low-income families who receive the secondary vocational education. A secondary vocational school shall arrange a certain proportion of its income as scholarship or grant-in-aid or the deduction or exemption of tuition fees and shall organize the students to participate in the work-study program or the part-time-work and part-time-study program as important means to aid their study. The financial institution shall provide student loans for those students from poor families to receive the vocational education. All regions shall incorporate the students from poor families who receive the vocational education into the aiding scope of the state student loans. We should, by diversified means such as grant-in-aid, scholarship or student loans, implement the deduction or exemption of tuition fees and provide the living subsidies for students from poor families or the students that select such arduous industries as agriculture or mining in the vocational education. The financial aid for students of higher vocational institutions shall be implemented according to the relevant policies of the state on financial aid for the students of colleges or universities. XI. EFFECTIVELY INTENSIFYING THE LEADERSHIP AND MOBILIZING ALL THE SOCIAL WALKS TO PAY ATTENTION TO AND SUPPORT THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE VOCATIONAL EDUCATION (28) The people's governments at all levels shall intensify the overall administration of the development planning, resource allocation, condition guarantee and policies and measures of the vocational education so as to create effective public services and sound development environment for the vocational education. We should strictly run education, regulate the administration and guide the vocational education to develop in a sound, harmonious and sustainable manner. We should bring into full play the function of the inter-department work meeting of the vocational education and coordinate in the national vocational education work meeting in an overall manner so as to deliberate and solve the relevant significant problems. The administrative department of education of the State Council shall take charge of the overall planning, comprehensive coordination and macro administration of the vocational education. The department of social and labor security and other relevant departments shall, according to their respective power limits, take charge of the relevant work regarding the vocational education. The local governments at or above the county level shall also establish the inter-department meeting system for the departments in charge of the vocational education. (29) The people's governments at all levels shall effectively intensify their leadership of the vocational education, incorporate the work of the vocational education into the target administration as an important indicator for the political achievement assessment of major cadres, and shall be subject to the examination and guidance of the People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. We should establish an inspection and examination system for the vocational education on a periodic basis, make the supervision of and guidance for the vocational education as an important content in the supervision of and guidance for education and intensify the appraisal and examination of the vocational education. We should intensify the scientific researches of the vocational education and bring into full play the function of the social associations and intermediary service institutions so as to serve the macro administration of the vocational education as well as the reform and development of the vocational schools. (30) We should gradually enhance the social status as well as the income of the skilled talents on the frontlines, especially the high-tech talents and apply the special awarding policies and incentive measures for excellent skilled talents. We should carry out the national occupational skill competition on a periodic basis and praise and reward the winners. We should vigorously cite the advanced entities and individuals in the work of the vocational education. We should publicize the important status and functions of the vocational education on a wide basis, publicize the significant contributions of excellent skilled talents and high-quality laborers in the socialist modernization construction, elevate the understanding of the whole society of the vocational education so as to form a sound atmosphere that the whole society pays attention to, attaches importance to and supports the vocational education. |
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